Borkowska M, Gawlik A, Hankus M, Małecka-Tendera E. Dental abnormalities and orthodontic disorders in Turner’s syndrome patients. Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism. 2015;21(3).
APA
Borkowska, M., Gawlik, A., Hankus, M., & Małecka-Tendera, E. (2015). Dental abnormalities and orthodontic disorders in Turner’s syndrome patients. Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, 21(3).
Chicago
Borkowska, Marzena, Aneta Gawlik, Magdalena Hankus, and Ewa Małecka-Tendera. 2015. "Dental abnormalities and orthodontic disorders in Turner’s syndrome patients". Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism 21 (3).
Harvard
Borkowska, M., Gawlik, A., Hankus, M., and Małecka-Tendera, E. (2015). Dental abnormalities and orthodontic disorders in Turner’s syndrome patients. Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, 21(3).
MLA
Borkowska, Marzena et al. "Dental abnormalities and orthodontic disorders in Turner’s syndrome patients." Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, vol. 21, no. 3, 2015.
Vancouver
Borkowska M, Gawlik A, Hankus M, Małecka-Tendera E. Dental abnormalities and orthodontic disorders in Turner’s syndrome patients. Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism. 2015;21(3).
Among many disorders that are connected with Turner`s syndrome (TS) are also dental abnormalities. Particular attention should be paid to abnormalities of teeth and orthodontic disorders. Among them occur malocclusion, such as distal molar occlusion or crossbite, as well as narrower upper dental arch and high palatal vault. Moreover craniofacial bone abnormalities are observed in almost all patients. It appears that treatment with recombinant growth hormone (rGH) could have an impact on the prevention of orthodontic skeletal defects. However, further research in this area is necessary. Occurring defects have a direct impact on facial appearance of the patients and their self-esteem. Undoubtedly, professional dental care should be included in multidisciplinary therapy, which is proposed for patients with TS.
