Introduction
Hyperhidrosis is a very embarrassing and distressing condition that affects various body areas, mostly the axillae, soles of the feet, and palms of the hands. It does not threaten health but affects social activities, leading to social withdrawal and even depression. Moreover, because almost everyone now uses smartphones and tablets, palmar hyperhidrosis (PH) has an increasing impact on people’s daily lives. Recently, with the development of minimally invasive thoracoscopic techniques, bilateral thoracoscopic sympathectomy (TS) has been proven to be a safe and effective treatment for PH. However, the complications include compensatory hyperhidrosis (CH), and over-dry hands may occur in some patients after T2 or T2 + 3 TS [1, 2]. In addition, some patients with PH are accompanied by axillary sweat or plantar sweat, or even both. To the best of our knowledge, the effect of TS in the treatment of PH with axillary sweat or plantar sweat is rarely reported in the literature. Therefore, we retrospectively analyzed the patients with PH who had undergone T4 or T3 TS in our department with at least 1 year of postoperative follow-up, to determine which approach was more effective for PH, axillary sweat and plantar sweat, and which approach had a lower incidence of CH and other complications.
Aim
To compare the therapeutic effect and complications of T3 and T4 TS on primary PH, and whether TS is an appropriate treatment for these patients with axillary and plantar sweating.
Material and methods
Ethics statement
The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and the study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of our hospital (register number: 2018(009). All patients signed informed consent and were informed that their data would be used for study purposes.
Patient inclusion and exclusion
The data were collected from the primary PH patients who underwent T3 or T4 TS in our department between August 2015 and February 2018. The inclusion criteria were: (a) hand sweat was serious, having become a burden to the professional and personal life; and (b) the course of disease was long, and the effect of drug treatment was poor. Individuals with hyperhidrosis caused by metabolic diseases, tuberculosis, and central diseases were excluded. The degree of palmar hyperhidrosis was classified into three levels as reported by Lai et al. as follows [3]: mild, palms were frequently moist; moderate, palmar sweat was profuse enough to drench a handkerchief; and severe, palmar sweat was spontaneously dripping similar to a faucet leak when the patient made a fist. There were 100 patients with PH included in this study; 49 patients in group A underwent T3 TS and 51 patients in group B underwent T4 TS only with at least 1 year of postoperative follow-up.
Surgery
All patients underwent video-assisted single-port thoracoscopic T3/T4 sympathectomy after general anesthesia with double-lumen endotracheal intubation performed by the same experienced surgeons. The patients were given a half-seated position of 30° to 45° and abduction of both arms of 90°. Blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation were monitored during the operation. The temperature of the palm was measured before and after the operation by placing a thermometer in the palm. A 1.5 cm incision was made in the front line of the third intercostal axilla and the trocar was implanted. The operation was performed by placing a 5 mm high definition camera for thoracoscopy and an electrocoagulation hook in the same hole. All patient operations followed the right-to-left sequence. The sympathetic nerve chain was free near the spine at the 3/4 rib. Titanium clamps were applied to the upper and lower edges of the 3/4 rib to clamp the fibers of the sympathetic nerve chain. Tissue clamps were used to cut off the T3/T4 sympathetic nerve chain and burn the T3/T4 sympathetic nerve chain, Kuntz bundle, and communicating branches. The temperature rise of the ipsilateral palm was observed during the operation; a more than 1.5°C higher temperature than that before operation was judged to be effective. After the operation, the incision was sutured first, and the thoracic drainage tube was temporarily placed. The drainage tube was quickly removed and the incision was sutured after exhausting the pleural cavity. The operation of the other side was performed in the same way after one side of the operation.
Observation indices
The sex, age, degree of palmar hyperhidrosis, axillary sweat, plantar sweat, occupation, and body mass index (BMI) of the patients were evaluated before the operation (Table I). The occupations of patients were divided into manual workers and mental workers. The duration of the operation, length of hospital stays, effect of the operation, and complications were observed during the perioperative period (Table II). The complications included: over-dry hands, compensatory sweating, pneumothorax, Horner syndrome, intercostal neuralgia, hemothorax, and surgical site infections. The side effects, including over-dry hands and compensatory hyperhidrosis (CH), the status of wet hands, and the improvement of axillary and plantar sweating were evaluated at the time points of 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months in the course of the follow-up (Table III). The degree of postoperative CH was classified as follows: mild (undergarments remained dry despite heavy sweating); moderate (undergarments were sometimes soaked with sweat but were tolerable); and severe (undergarments were soaked with excessive sweat and became intolerable, requiring several changes a day). Data on the patients’ postoperative status were collected by regular visits in the outpatient clinic and by direct telephone contact.
Table I
Baseline characteristics of patients before operation
| Parameter | Group A (n = 49) | Group B (n = 51) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age [years] | 21.63 ±4.05 | 21.08 ±3.83 | 0.483 |
| Sex: | 0.250 | ||
| Male | 36 (73.5) | 32 (62.7) | |
| Female | 13 (26.5) | 19 (37.3) | |
| Family history | 22 (44.9) | 19 (37.3) | 0.437 |
| Degree of palmar hyperhidrosis: | 0.530 | ||
| Moderate | 20 (40.8) | 24 (47.1) | |
| Severe | 29 (59.2) | 27 (52.9) | |
| Axillary sweat | 33 (67.3) | 31 (60.8) | 0.494 |
| Plantar sweat | 25 (51.0) | 30 (58.8) | 0.433 |
| Occupations: | 0.076 | ||
| Manual workers | 5 (10.2) | 12 (23.5) | |
| Mental workers | 44 (89.8) | 39 (76.5) | |
| BMI [kg/m2]: | 0.581a | ||
| < 24 | 46 (93.9) | 50 (98.0) | |
| ≥ 24 | 3 (6.1) | 1 (2.0) | |
Table II
Postoperative complications and early surgical effect
| Parameter | Group A (n = 49) | Group B (n = 51) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Duration of operation [min] | 27.53 ±1.55 | 28.63 ±1.34 | 0.237 |
| Duration of hospital stay [days] | 2.12 ±0.82 | 2.32 ±1.05 | 0.325 |
| Early effect of surgery: | |||
| Dry hands | 44 (89.8) | 38 (77.6) | 0.101 |
| Mild moist hands | 5 (10.2) | 6 (11.8) | 0.083 |
| Wet hands | 0 (0) | 5 (9.8) | 0.031a |
| Improvement of axillary sweating | 17 (51.5) | 24 (77.4) | 0.031 |
| Improvement of plantar sweating | 10 (40.0) | 13 (43.3) | 0.765 |
| Pneumothorax | 4 (8.2) | 3 (5.9) | 0.477a |
| Horner syndrome | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
| Intercostal neuralgia | 2 (4.1) | 1 (2.0) | 0.485a |
| Hemothorax | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
| Surgical site infection | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
Table III
Results of follow-up
| Parameter | After 1 month of follow-up | After 6 months of follow-up | After 12 months of follow-up | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group A | Group B | P-value | Group A | Group B | P-value | Group A | Group B | P-value | |
| Compensatory hyperhidrosis: | |||||||||
| Mild | 12 (24.5) | 4 (7.8) | 0.030a | 12 (24.5) | 4 (7.8) | 0.030 | 12 (24.5) | 3 (5.9) | 0.012 |
| Moderate | 4 (8.2) | 2 (3.9) | 0.432a | 3 (6.1) | 1 (2.0) | 0.357a | 3 (6.1) | 1 (2.0) | 0.357a |
| Severe | 5 (10.2) | 0 (0) | 0.025a | 3 (6.1) | 0 (0) | 0.114a | 3 (6.1) | 0 (0) | 0.114a |
| Total | 21 (42.9) | 6 (11.8) | 0.000 | 18 (36.7) | 5 (9.8) | 0.001 | 18 (36.7) | 4 (7.8) | 0.001a |
| Over-dry hands | 7 (14.3) | 6 (11.8) | 0.708 | 6 (12.2) | 6 (11.8) | 0.941 | 6 (12.2) | 6 (11.8) | 0.941 |
| Wet hand | 0 (0) | 5 (9.8) | 0.031a | 1 (2.0) | 7 (13.7) | 0.034a | 1 (2.0) | 7 (13.7) | 0.034a |
| Improvement of axillary sweating | 17 (51.5) | 24 (77.4) | 0.031 | 17 (51.5) | 24 (77.4) | 0.031 | 16 (48.5) | 24 (77.4) | 0.017 |
| Improvement of plantar sweating | 10 (40.0) | 13 (43.3) | 0.765 | 13 (52.0) | 17 (56.7) | 0.729 | 13 (52.0) | 16 (53.3) | 0.921 |
| Patient satisfaction: | |||||||||
| Very satisfied | 23 (46.9) | 44 (86.3) | 0.000 | 21 (42.9) | 43 (84.3) | 0.000 | 21 (42.9) | 42 (82.4) | 0.000 |
| Satisfied | 4 (8.2) | 2 (3.9) | 0.637a | 2 (4.1) | 2 (3.9) | 0.676a | 3 (6.1) | 3 (5.9) | 0.642a |
| Partially satisfied | 22 (44.9) | 5 (9.8) | 0.000 | 26 (53.1) | 6 (11.8) | 0.000 | 26 (53.1) | 7 (13.7) | 0.000 |
Statistical analysis
Continuous data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). Significance of differences between the two groups was determined by the χ2 test or Student’s t-test. Fisher’s exact test was used instead if there were expected cell frequencies less than 5. All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS Statistics, version 24.0 (IBM, New York, NY, USA), and p < 0.05 was considered significant.
Results
Baseline characteristic data before the operations are presented in Table I. Both groups were mainly young males. There was no significant difference in age between the two groups (21.63 ±4.05 vs. 21.08 ±3.83 years, p = 0.483). No significant difference was observed in terms of sex (p = 0.250), family history (p = 0.437), degree of palmar hyperhidrosis (p = 0.530), axillary sweat (p = 0.494), plantar sweat (p = 0.433), occupation (p = 0.076), or BMI (p = 0.581).
The data concerning postoperative complications and early surgical effects are presented in Table II. No major complications or deaths occurred in either group, and no patient developed Horner syndrome, hemothorax, or a surgical site infection in either group. Only 2 (4.1%) patients in group A and 6 (2.0%) patients in group B had intercostal neuralgia, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.485). Pneumothorax was detected in 4 (8.2%) patients in group A and 3 (5.9%) patients in group B, with no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.477). No significant difference was observed in duration of the operation (27.53 ±1.55 min vs. 28.63 ±1.34 min, p = 0.237) or duration of the hospital stay (2.12 ±0.82 days vs. 2.32 ±1.05 days, p = 0.325) between the two groups.
At discharge, the condition of sweaty hands was fully controlled in 44 of 49 patients in group A and all patients in group B, with a significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.031). In addition, in all 5 (9.8%) patients without improvement, their sweaty hands had severe PH before surgery. Seventeen (51.5%) patients from group A and 24 (77.4%) patients from group B had improved axillary sweating, with significant differences between the two groups (p = 0.031). There were 10 (40.0%) patients in group A and 13 (43.3%) patients in group B with improvements of plantar sweating, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.765).
The results of follow-up examinations are presented in Table III. With the prolongation of follow-up time, CH patients in both groups decreased gradually. The number of patients with CH were 21 (42.9%) in group A and 6 (11.8%) in group B (after 1 month of follow-up), 18 (36.7%) in group A and 5 (9.8%) in group B (after 6 months of follow-up), 18 (36.7%) in group A and 4 (7.8%) in group B (after 12 months of follow-up), with significant differences between the two groups (p < 0.01).
After 1 month of follow-up, the condition of 5 (9.8%) patients with wet hands in group B at the time of discharge was not improved, while there was no patient with wet hands in group A, with a significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.031). At 12 months of follow-up, 1 patient in group A had a recurrence of PH, and 2 patients in group B had a recurrence of PH. Because there was 1 (2.0%) patient in group A and 7 (13.7%) patients in group B having wet hands, there was a significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.034).
After 1 and 6 months of follow-up, there was no change in the number of patients whose axillary sweat improved between the two groups as compared with that at the time of discharge. There was 1 patient in group A having a recurrence of axillary sweat after a 12-month follow-up, while patients in group B showed no change, with a significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.017).
There were 10 patients in group A and 13 patients in group B whose plantar sweating improved when they were discharged after 1 month of follow-up. The number of patients whose plantar sweating improved was 13 (52.0%) in group A and 17 (56.7%) in group B (after 6 months of follow-up) and 13 (52.0%) in group A and 16 (53.3.7%) in group B (after 12 months of follow-up), with no significant difference between the two groups (p > 0.05).
At the first month of follow-up, there were 23 (46.9%) patients in group A and 44 (86.3%) patients in group B who were very satisfied with TS, with a significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.001). As the follow-up time increased, the patients’ satisfaction decreased slightly. The number of patients who were very satisfied with TS were 21 (42.9%) in group A and 42 (84.3%) in group B (after 6 months of follow-up), 21 (42.9%) in group A and 42 (82.4%) in group B (after 12 months of follow-up), with a significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.001).
Discussion
At present, TS is the preferred surgical treatment for PH. The procedure used in the treatment of PH is to cut the thoracic sympathetic nerve chain and block the postganglionic fibers. There are different surgical approaches that were used over time with different outcomes [4]. Conventionally, the main innervation pathway was the T2 ganglion for the hands, and most thoracic sympathectomies were performed at this site [5, 6]. However, the incidence of CH is often high after T2 thoracic sympathectomy, which affects the quality of life of patients [2, 7]. Reisfeld’s research has shown that sympathetic nerve chains from low to high continuously had sympathetic nerve fibers added to the upstream fibers; the higher the level of surgical cut-off, the larger the sympathetic range will be, and the CH will be more severe [8]. According to the anatomical characteristics of the thoracic sympathetic nerve chain, reducing the cut-off plane of the sympathetic nerve chain should be helpful in reducing the scope and degree of surgical sympathetic denervation to make the surgical sympathetic denervation effect more targeted. Turhan et al. compared T2 and T3 sympathectomy and suggested that denervation of the T2 ganglion should be avoided to decrease the incidence of CH [7]. Since then, T3 and T4 sympathectomy procedures have been widely used for low incidences of complications such as CH [9–11]. The complications of TS have been previously described, and include intercostal neuralgia, recurrence, CH, Horner syndrome, pneumothorax, hemothorax, and surgical site infection. In our study, there was no Horner syndrome, hemothorax, or surgical site infection. Pneumothorax occurred in 7 (7.0%) patients of the two groups, and all these patients were treated conservatively because the size of the pneumothorax in the chest X-ray was less than 20%. Most intercostal neuralgia is caused by the destruction and compression of intercostal nerves during surgery. Thanks to the use of a single hole and a 5 mm camera, the effect of the operation on the intercostal nerve was minimized. Therefore, in our study, only 3 (3.0%) patients developed mild intercostal neuralgia. This incidence was very low compared with the 15–30% reported by other surgeons [12, 13]. Moreover, all 3 patients with intercostal neuralgia improved after being treated with oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
To date, CH is still the most troublesome complication after TS [14]. It is difficult to precisely estimate the incidence of CH, and reports vary in the literature, from 3% to 100% [15]. In a prospective randomized study, PH was treated by TS at either the T2 or T3 level. Success was 100% in the T2 group and 97% in the T3 group, with the incidence of CH being 100% in the T2 group and 97% in the T3 group [16]. Another study compared T2-T4 TS to T3-T4 TS for PH and did not find any significant difference between the two groups [17]. In our study, there were 18 (36.7%) patients in group A and 4 (7.8%) patients in group B with CH after 12 months of follow-up. CH is believed to be due to the disruption of the reflex arc between sympathetic nerve activity and the hypothalamus, resulting in a disturbance of sweating control. The preservation of the negative afferent tone to the hypothalamus is the key to preventing postoperative CH. This is a convincing theoretical hypothesis for CH, which has been confirmed by additional clinical studies [18, 19]. Dewey et al. reported that limited TS for PH to a single denervation level reduced the incidences of severe CH [20]. A similar result has been reported by Wolosker et al.; adjusting the denervation levels from T3 to T4 reduced the incidences of severe CH [21]. However, another compensation theory suggests that after elimination of hyperhidrosis in the target area, the body produces an increase in sweating in other skin areas in order to maintain the balance of sweating in the whole body. In other words, the more severe the hand sweating is before the operation, the more the original hand sweating is transferred to other areas after the operation, and the more serious the compensatory sweating is, which is consistent with a previous report [22].
Patients with PH often also have axillary and plantar hyperhidrosis. Sympathectomy is not the preferred treatment for mild axillary hyperhidrosis because of side effects [23]. The treatment of mild axillary hyperhidrosis includes topical aluminium chloride, iontophoresis, injection of botulinum toxin A, oral medication, surgical methods, laser treatment, and microwave thermolysis, with the latter two treatments particularly being accepted by more patients because of their positive effects, less pain, and less trauma [24]. However, for patients with PH and axillary hyperhidrosis, TS may be the best treatment choice. Jeganathan et al. reported that T4-T5 TS for axillary hyperhidrosis had a satisfactory effect [25]. In fact, primary plantar hyperhidrosis usually needs a lumbar sympathectomy instead of TS, which is currently the preferred approach, including that reported in a small case series study [26, 27]. Rieger et al. carried out a case series study of 178 endoscopic resection lumbar sympathectomies in 90 patients with severe plantar hyperhidrosis. After a follow-up of 3–45 months, 97% of the patients had eliminated their plantar hyperhidrosis [28]. However, studies also reported a loss of sexual function in males after lumbar sympathectomy [29]. In our study, because the main symptom of the patients was PH, axillary sweating and plantar sweating were only subsidiary symptoms. Therefore, we did not perform T4 + 5 TS for axillary hyperhidrosis or lumbar sympathectomy for plantar sweating. Nonetheless, 16 (48.5%) patients in group A and 24 (77.4%) patients in group B had improved axillary sweating after 12 months follow-up, with a significant difference compared with group A, which indicated that T4 TS was better than T3 TS for PH patients with axillary sweating. However, there were 13 (52.0%) patients in group A and 16 (53.3%) patients in group B with improvement of plantar sweating after 12 months of follow-up, and there was no significant difference between the two groups, which indicated that T3 and T4 TS could at least partially improve plantar sweating.
As previously reported, some patients still had wet hands after surgery, which was due to the failure of surgery. Studies have shown that recurrence of PH was probably due to incomplete sympathectomy or the regeneration of sympathetic nerves to the stellate ganglion [30]. Misidentification of the sympathetic chain due to local anatomic variations, localized pleural thickening, or adhesions were also possible causes. In our study, we noted that 5 (9.8%) patients with wet hands in group B had unsatisfactory surgical effects at discharge, which was due to the failure of the operation. Moreover, 2 (3.9%) patients had recurrence of PH at the 6-month follow-up, while all patients in group A achieved a satisfactory effect at discharge, and only 1 (2.0%) patient had recurrence after 6 months of follow-up. In addition, all 8 patients with wet hands in both groups had severe PH before the operation. Therefore, our study suggested that T3 TS may be more effective than T4 TS in patients with severe PH. This result differed somewhat from that previously reported [9, 10, 21].
To our knowledge, no studies on the mechanism of over-dry hands have been reported, despite the reported incidence of over-dry hands being as high as 35% [4, 31]. In our study, over-dry hands were present in 7 (14.3%) patients in group A and 6 (11.8%) patients in group B after 1 month of follow-up, and with increased time, 1 patient in group A had an improved dry hand condition. In addition, compared with CH and wet hands, over-dry hands had less impact on the daily life of patients, and could be solved by regular use of hand cream. The main factors affecting patients’ satisfaction were the effects of surgery and CH. According to previous studies, the patient satisfaction ranged from 35% to 100% [32]. In our study, at the first month of follow-up, the satisfaction levels of patients in group A and group B were 46.9% and 86.3%, respectively. With the increase of follow-up time, patient satisfaction decreased slightly, probably due to the recurrence of PH and the increase of CH.
Conclusions
Both T3 and T4 TS are safe and effective treatments for PH patients, but the incidence of CH in T4 TS was lower than that in T3 TS, which is consistent with most previously reported results. However, for patients with severe PH, T3 TS may have a better effect than T4 TS. Moreover, T4 TS had a better therapeutic effect on PH patients with axillary sweating. However, both T3 and T4 TS could at least partially improve plantar sweating. The satisfaction rate of T4 TS was significantly higher than that of T3 TS.
