RESEARCH PAPER
Affective temperaments in nicotine-dependent and non-nicotine-dependent individuals
 
More details
Hide details
1
Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
 
2
Faculty of Psychology, University of Finance and Management, Warsaw, Poland
 
 
Submission date: 2016-04-24
 
 
Final revision date: 2016-07-01
 
 
Acceptance date: 2016-07-04
 
 
Online publication date: 2016-07-27
 
 
Publication date: 2016-09-26
 
 
Current Issues in Personality Psychology 2016;4(3):125-131
 
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Background
One of the smoking risk factors influencing nicotine dependency may be human personality; however, few studies have examined the association between Akiskal’s affective temperaments and smoking in adults. Our study aims to evaluate the associations between nicotine dependence and affective temperaments using the TEMPS-A.

Participants and procedure
The sample in this study consisted of 678 healthy Caucasian adults aged from 17 to 69 years, including 134 self-declared nicotine-dependent subjects (89 females and 45 males) and 544 self-declared non-nicotine-dependent subjects (352 females and 192 males). The Polish version of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) was used to assess affective temperaments (depressive, cyclothymic, hyperthymic, irritable and anxious).

Results
Nicotine-dependent individuals scored higher on cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperaments than non-nicotine-dependents (no significant differences with regard to depressive and hyperthymic temperaments). Among the nicotine-dependent individuals, females scored higher on anxious temperaments than males (no differences with regard to the other affective temperaments), and among the non-nicotine-dependent individuals, females exhibited more depressive, cyclothymic and anxious temperaments than males, while males exhibited more hyperthymic temperaments than females.

Conclusions
The results suggest that affective, cyclothymic and irritable temperaments in both genders and anxious temperaments in females may be predictors of nicotine dependence in adults.
 
REFERENCES (48)
1.
Akiskal, K. K., & Akiskal H. S. (2005). The theoretical underpinnings of affective temperaments: Implications for evolutionary foundations of bipolar disorder and human nature. Journal of Affective Disorders, 85, 231–239. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2004.08.002.
 
2.
Akiskal, H. S., Akiskal, K. K., Haykal, R. F., Manning, J. S., & Connor, P. D. (2005). TEMPS-A: Progress towards validation of a self-rated clinical version of the temperament evaluation of the Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego autoquestionnaire. Journal of Affective Disorders, 85, 3–16. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2004.12.001.
 
3.
Amann, B., Mergl, R., Torrent, C., Perugi, G., Padberg, F., El-Gjamal, N., & Laakmann, G. (2009). Abnormal temperament in patients with morbid obesity seeking surgical treatment. Journal of Affective Disorders, 118, 155–160. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.01.020.
 
4.
Bisol, L. W., Soldado, F., Albuquerque, C., Lorenzi, T. M., & Lara, D. R. (2010). Emotional and affective temperaments and cigarette smoking in a large sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 127, 89–95. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.04.016.
 
5.
Bloom, E. L., Matsko, S. V., & Cimino, C. R. (2014). The relationship between cigarette smoking and impulsivity: A review of personality, behavioral, and neurobiological assessment. Addiction Research & Theory, 22, 386–397. doi: 10.3109/16066359.2013.867432.
 
6.
Blӧink, R., Briegera, P., Akiskal, H. S., & Marneros, A. (2005). Factorial structure and internal consistency of the German TEMPS-A scale: Validation against the NEO-FFI questionnaire. Journal of Affective Disorders, 85, 77–83. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0327(03)00101-0.
 
7.
Borkowska, A., Rybakowski, J. K., Drożdż, W., Bie­liński, M., Kosmowska, M., Rajewska-Rager, A., …, & Akiskal, H. S. (2010). Polish validation of the TEMPS-A: The profile of affective temperaments in a college student population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 123, 36–41. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.09.024.
 
8.
Caldirola, D., Daccò, S., Grassi, M., Citterio, A., Menotti, R., Cavedini, P., …, & Perna, G. (2013). Effects of cigarette smoking on neuropsychological performance in mood disorders: A comparison between smoking and nonsmoking inpatients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 74, e130–136. doi: 10.4088/JCP.12m07985.
 
9.
Castro, M., Oliveira, M. S., Araujo, R. B., & Pedroso, R. S. (2008). Relationship between gender and depressive and anxiety symptoms in smokers. Revista de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul, 30, 25–30. doi: 10.1590/S0101-81082008000100008.
 
10.
Cheng, H., & Furnham, A. (2016). The Big-Five personality traits, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and educational qualifications as predictors of tobacco use in a nationally representative sample. PLoS One, 11, e0145552. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145552.
 
11.
Cloninger, C. R. (2000). Biology of personality dimensions. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 13, 611–616. doi: 10.1097/00001504-200011000-00024.
 
12.
DeGeorge, D. P., Walsh, M. A., Barrantes-Vidal, N., & Kwapil, T. R. (2014). A three-year longitudinal study of affective temperaments and risk for psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 164, 94–100. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.006.
 
13.
Dembińska-Krajewska, D., & Rybakowski, J. (2014). The temperament evaluation of Memphis, Pisa and San Diego autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A): An important tool to study affective temperaments. Psychiatria Polska, 48, 261–276.
 
14.
Eory, A., Rozsa, S., Gonda, X., Dome, P., Torzsa, P., Simavorian, T., …, & Kalabay, L. (2015). The association of affective temperaments with smoking initiation and maintenance in adult primary care patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 172, 397–402. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.036.
 
15.
Etter, J. F. (2010). Smoking and Cloninger’s Temperament and Character Inventory. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 12, 919–926. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntq116.
 
16.
Etter, J. F., Pélissolo, A., Pomerleau, C. S., & De Saint-Hilare, Z. (2003). Associations between smoking and heritable temperaments traits. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 5, 401–409. doi: 10.1080/1462220031000094240.
 
17.
Hakulinen, C., Hintsanen, M., Munafò, M. R., Virtanen, M., Kivimäki, M., Batty, G. D., & Jokela, M. (2015). Personality and smoking: Individual‐participant meta‐analysis of nine cohort studies. Addiction, 110, 1844–1852. doi: 10.1111/add.13079.
 
18.
Harnic, D., Pompili, M., Mazza, M., Innamorati, M., Di Nicola, M., Catalano, V., …, & Janiri, L. (2013). Affective temperaments and psychopathological dimensions of personality in bipolar and cyclothymic patients. Behavioral Medicine, 39, 17–23. doi: 10.1080/08964289.2012.713043.
 
19.
Heffner, J. L., Strawn, J. R., DelBello, M. P., Strakow­ski, S. M., & Anthenelli, R. M. (2011). The co-occurrence of cigarette smoking and bipolar disorder: phenomenology and treatment considerations. Bipolar Disorders, 13, 439–453. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00943.x.
 
20.
Holma, I. A. K., Holma, K. M., Melartin, T. K., Ketokivi, M., & Isometsä, E. T. (2013). Depression and smoking: A 5-year prospective study of patients with major depressive disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 30, 580–588. doi: 10.1002/da.22108.
 
21.
IBM Corp. (2013). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
 
22.
Kassel, J. D., Stroud, L. R, & Paronis, C. A. (2003). Smoking, stress, and negative affect: Correlation, causation, and context across stages of smoking. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 270–304. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.270.
 
23.
Khazaal, Y., Gex-Fabry, M., Nallet, A., Weber, B., Favre, S., Voide, R., …, & Aubry, J. M. (2013). Affective temperaments in alcohol and opiate addictions. Psychiatric Quarterly, 84, 429–438. doi: 10.1007/s11126-013-9257-3.
 
24.
Kleinjan, M., Vitaro, F., Wanner, B., Brug, J., van den Eijnden, R. J. J. M., & Engels, R. C. M. (2012). Predicting nicotine dependence profiles among adolescent smokers: The roles of personal and social-environmental factors in a longitudinal framework. BMC Public Health, 12, 196. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-196.
 
25.
Kwapil, T. R., DeGeorge, D., Walsh, M. A., Burgin, C. J., Silvia, P. J., & Barrantes-Vidal, N. (2013). Affective temperaments: Unique constructs or dimensions of normal personality by another name? Journal of Affective Disorders, 151, 882–890. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.07.028.
 
26.
Lyvers, M., Carlopio, C., Bothma, V., & Edwards, M. S. (2013). Mood, mood regulation expectancies and frontal systems functioning in current smokers versus never-smokers in China and Australia. Addictive Behaviors, 38, 2741–2750. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.07.002.
 
27.
McChargue, D. E., Drevo, S., Herrera, M. J., Doran, N., Salvi, S., & Klanecky, A. K. (2011). Trait-impulsivity moderates the relationship between rumination and number of major depressive episodes among cigarette smokers. Mental Health and Substance Use, 4, 96–104. doi: 10.1080/17523281.2011.554326.
 
28.
McChargue, D. E., Cohen, L. M., & Werth-Cook, J. (2004). The influence of personality and affect on nicotine dependence among male college students. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 6, 287–294. doi: 10.1080/14622200410001676323.
 
29.
Mombach, K. D., de Souza Brito, C. L., Padoin, A. V., Casagrande, D. S., & Mottin, C. C. (2016). Emotional and affective temperaments in smoking candidates for bariatric surgery. PLoS One, 11, e0150722. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150722.
 
30.
Moylan, S., Jacka, F. N., Pasco, J. A., & Berk, M. (2012). Cigarette smoking, nicotine dependence and anxiety disorders: A systematic review of population-based, epidemiological studies. BMC Medicine, 10, 123. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-123.
 
31.
Moylan, S., Jacka, F. N., Pasco, J. A., & Berk, M. (2013). How cigarette smoking may increase the risk of anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders: A critical review of biological pathways. Brain and Behavior, 3, 302–326. doi: 10.1002/brb3.137.
 
32.
Munafó, M. R., Zetteler, J. I., & Clark, T. G. (2007). Personality and smoking status: A meta-analysis. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 9, 405–413. doi: 10.1080/14622200701188851.
 
33.
Oniszczenko, W., Stanisławiak, E., Dembińska-Krajewska, D., & Rybakowski, J. K. (2016). Regulative theory of temperament versus affective temperaments measured by the temperament evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A): A study in a non-clinical Polish sample. Manuscript submitted for publication.
 
34.
Parrot, A. C. (1999). Does cigarette smoking cause stress? American Psychologist, 54, 817–820.
 
35.
Pompili, M., Pennica, A., Serafini, G., Battuello, M., Innamorati, M., Teti, E., …, & Girardi, P. (2013). Depression and affective temperaments are associated with poor health-related quality of life in patients with HIV infection. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 19, 109–117. doi: 10.1097/01.pra.0000428557.56211.
 
36.
Rezvani, A., Aytüre, L., Arslan, M., Kurt, E., Eroğlu-Demir, S., & Karacan, İ. (2014). Affective temperaments in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases, 17, 34–38. doi: 10.1111/1756-185X.12033.
 
37.
Rezwanfard, M., Ekhtiari, H., Mokri, A., Djavid, G. E., & Kaviani, H. (2010). Psychological and behavioral traits in smokers and their relationship with nicotine dependence level. Archives of Iranian Medicine, 13, 395–404. doi: 010135/AIM.006.
 
38.
Ristić-Ignjatović, D., Hinić, D., Bessonov, D., Akiskal, H. S., Akiskal, K. K., & Ristić, B. (2014). Towards validation of the short TEMPS-A in non-clinical adult population in Serbia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 164, 43–49. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.005.
 
39.
Rondina, R. C., Gorayeb, R., & Botelho, C. (2007). Psychological characteristics associated with tobacco smoking behavior. Journal Brasileiro de Pneumologia, 33, 592–601. doi: 10.1590/S1806-37132007000500016.
 
40.
Rovai, L., Maremmani, A. G., Rugani, F., Bacciardi, S., Pacini, M., Dell’Osso, L., …, & Maremmani, I. (2013). Do Akiskal & Mallya’s affective temperaments belong to the domain of pathology or to that of normality? European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Science, 17, 2065–2079.
 
41.
Rózsa, S., Rihmer, Z., Gonda, X., Szili, I., Rihmer, A., Kő, N., …, & Akiskal, H. S. (2008). A study of affective temperaments in Hungary: Internal consistency and concurrent validity of the TEMPS-A against the TCI and NEO-PI-R. Journal of Affective Disorders, 106, 45–53. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2007.03.016.
 
42.
Singh, A., Singh, S. K., & Singh, R. K. (2011). Pathological personality and approval motive in smokers. Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 18, 168–172.
 
43.
Suresh Kumar, M., Vigneswaran, K., Divya Merciline, A., & Aparna Priyamvada, M. R. (2013). Personality correlates of BIS and BAS in tobacco dependents. International Journal of Scientific Research, 2, 342–344.
 
44.
Talati, A., Wickramaratne, P. J., Keyes, K. M., Hasin, D. S., Levin, F. R., & Weissman, M. M. (2013). Smoking and psychopathology increasingly associated in recent birth cohorts. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 133, 724–732. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.08.025.
 
45.
Unseld, M., Dworschak, G., Tran, U. S., Plener, P. L., Erfurth, A., Walter, H., …, & Kapusta, N. D. (2012). The concept of temperament in psychoactive substance use among college students. Journal of Affective Disorders, 141, 324–330. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.028.
 
46.
Vázquez, G. H., Tondo, L., Mazzarini, L., & Gonda, X. (2012). Affective temperaments in general population: A review and combined analysis from national studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 139, 18–22. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.06.032.
 
47.
Walsh, M. A., Brown, L. H., Barrantes-Vidal, N., & Kwapil, T. R. (2013). The expression of affective temperaments in daily life. Journal of Affective Disorders, 145, 179–186. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.07.026.
 
48.
Zvolensky, M. J., Schmidt, N. B., & Stewart, S. H. (2003). Panic disorder and smoking. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 29–51. doi: 10.1093/clipsy.10.1.29.
 
Copyright: © Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk This is an Open Access journal, all articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
eISSN:2353-561X
ISSN:2353-4192
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top