Family Medicine & Primary Care Review

Full text

2/2026 vol. 28
Original paper

Gastroesophageal reflux disease in Tabuk: an in-depth look at the prevalence and contributing factors

  1. Department of Family Medicine and Community, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

  2. Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

  3. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

Family Medicine & Primary Care Review 2026; 28(2): 120–125

Data publikacji online: 2026/06/22
Article file
03 FM&PCR 2 26 - O - Alatawi - 1844 - Gastroespohageal.pdf
Confronting perimenopausal women’s knowledge of coronary heart disease with their health behaviours. Controversial role of hormone replacement therapy in the protection of coronary heart disease
  1. Yadlapati R, Gyawali CP, Pandolfino JE. AGA Clinical Practice Update on the Personalized Approach to the Evaluation and Management of GERD: Expert Review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20: 984–994.e1, doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2022.01.025.
  2. Katz PO, Dunbar KB, Schnoll-Sussman FH, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2022; 117: 27–56, doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001538.
  3. Gyawali CP, Kahrilas PJ, Savarino E, et al. Modern diagnosis of GERD: the Lyon Consensus. Gut 2018; 67: 1351–1362, doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314722.
  4. Savarino E, Bredenoord AJ, Fox M, et al. Expert consensus document: Advances in the physiological assessment and diagnosis of GERD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 14: 665–676, doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2017.130.
  5. Argyrou A, Legaki E, Koutserimpas C, et al. Risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease and analysis of genetic contributors. World J Clin Cases 2018; 6: 176–182, doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v6.i8.176.
  6. Eusebi LH, Ratnakumaran R, Yuan Y, et al. Global prevalence of, and risk factors for, gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms: a meta-analysis. Gut 2018; 67: 430–440, doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313589.
  7. El-Serag HB, Sweet S, Winchester CC, et al. Update on the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Gut 2014; 63: 871–880, doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304269.
  8. Chhabra P, Ingole N. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Highlighting Diagnosis, Treatment, and Lifestyle Changes. Cureus 2022; 14: e28563, doi: 10.7759/cureus.28563.
  9. Shaqran TM, Ismaeel MM, Alnuaman AA, et al. Epidemiology, Causes, and Management of Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2023; 15: e47420, doi: 10.7759/cureus.47420.
  10. Alsuwat OB, Alzahrani AA, Alzhrani MA, et al. Prevalence of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Saudi Arabia. J Clin Med Res 2018; 10: 221–225, doi: 10.14740/jocmr3292w.
  11. Nadwa EH, Alhablani AF, Alruwaili RR, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease among students of Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia. Int J Med Dev Ctries 2020; 4: 1144–1149.
  12. Al Ghadeer HA, Alabbad ZE, AlShaikh SB, et al. Prevalence of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Associated Risk Factors in the Eastern Region, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2021; 13: e19599, doi: 10.7759/cureus.19599.
  13. Odah MM, Ewis AA, Alessi AA, et al. Prevalence of Gastroesophageal Disease and Associated Risk Factors Among the Population in Al-Qunfudah. Cureus 2021; 13: e20325, doi: 10.7759/cureus.20325.
  14. Maqbul MS, Alshehri WAA, Bajubair AM, et al. Gastro-esophageal reflux disease among the urban population of Saudi Arabia. Gastroenterology & Endoscopy 2024; 2: 121–130, doi: 10.1016/j.gande.2024.07.004.
  15. Alkathem JA, Alali AA, Alqerafi AA, et al. Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease Prevalence and Dietary Correlations amongst Saudi Arabian Adults: Findings from a Cross-sectional Investigation. J Adv Med Med Res 2024; 1: 284–289.
  16. Alkhathami AM, Alzahrani AA, Alzhrani MA, et al. Risk Factors for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Saudi Arabia. Gastroenterology Res 2017; 10: 294–300, doi: 10.14740/gr906w.
  17. AlHussaini KI, Bin Abbas FB, Aljabri SF, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Among Visitors to the Health Center of Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University. Cureus 2023; 15: e43936, doi: 10.7759/cureus.43936.
  18. Qasim AAA, Aljudaibi F, Obad O, et al. Prevalence of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Saudi Arabia. J Health Med Sci 2020; 3: 132–139.
  19. Alsulobi AM, El-Fetoh NMA, Alenezi SGE, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease among population of Arar City, Northern Saudi Arabia. Electron Physician 2017; 9: 5499–5505, doi: 10.19082/5499.
  20. Kuddus MAH, Tufaif AA, Al-Tufaif MA, et al. Prevalence and risk factor of gastro-esophageal reflux disease among Hail population, Saudi Arabia. J Pharm Res Int 2021; 33: 59–67.
  21. Almadi MA, Almousa MA, Althwainy AF, et al. Prevalence of symptoms of gastroesopahgeal reflux in a cohort of Saudi Arabians: a study of 1265 subjects. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 248–254, doi: 10.4103/1319-3767.136982.
  22. Kariri AM, Darraj MA, Wassly A, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Southwestern Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2020; 12: e6626, doi: 10.7759/cureus.6626.
  23. Binhussein MAA, Bajawi A, Alghafis M, et al. Prevalence of gastro-oesophageal reflux in western region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2016; 22: 1–24.
  24. Cho YS, Choi MG, Jeong JJ, et al. Prevalence and clinical spectrum of gastroesophageal reflux: a population-based study in Asan-si, Korea. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 747–753, doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41245.x.
  25. Chen M, Xiong L, Chen H, et al. Prevalence, risk factors and impact of gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms: a population-based study in South China. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40: 759–767, doi: 10.1080/00365520510015610.
  26. Al-Humayed SM, Mohamed-Elbagir AK, Al-Wabel AA, et al. The changing pattern of upper gastro-intestinal lesions in southern Saudi Arabia: an endoscopic study. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2010; 16: 35–37, doi: 10.4103/1319-3767.58766.
  27. Taraszewska A. Risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms related to lifestyle and diet. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 2021; 72: 21–28, doi: 10.32394/rpzh.2021.0145.
  28. Commisso A, Lim F. Lifestyle Modifications in Adults and Older Adults With Chronic Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Crit Care Nurs Q 2019; 42: 64–74, doi: 10.1097/cnq.0000000000000239.
  29. Kıpçak S, Çağanoğlu D, Ergün P, et al. In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Aspirin on Rabbit Esophageal Epithelium. Turk J Gastroenterol 2022; 33: 257–270, doi: 10.5152/tjg.2022.201168.
  30. Halawani H, Banoon S. Prevalence and Determinants of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and the Risk Factors Among Adult Patients Attending Al-Iskan Primary Health Care Center in Makkah, 2020. Cureus 2020; 12: e10535, doi: 10.7759/cureus.10535.
  31. Ruszniewski P, Soufflet C, Barthélémy P. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use as a risk factor for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: an observational study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 28: 1134–1139, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03821.x.
  32. Rasool MF, Sarwar R, Arshad MS, et al. Assessing the Frequency and Risk Factors Associated with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14: 4619–4625, doi: 10.2147/rmhp.S335142.
  33. Warsi I, Ahmed J, Younus A, et al. Risk factors associated with oral manifestations and oral health impact of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a multicentre, cross-sectional study in Pakistan. BMJ Open 2019; 9: e021458, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021458.
  34. Ueta R, Komori S, Umemoto K, et al. Medication use and risk of reflux oesophagitis. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2024; 11, doi: 10.1136/bmjgast-2024-001468.
  35. Esmaillzadeh A, Keshteli AH, Feizi A, et al. Patterns of diet-related practices and prevalence of gastro-esophageal reflux disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25: 831e638, doi: 10.1111/nmo.12192.
  36. Zhang M, Hou ZK, Huang ZB, et al. Dietary and Lifestyle Factors Related to Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Systematic Review. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2021; 17: 305–323, doi: 10.2147/tcrm.S296680.
  37. Wang R, Wang J, Hu S. Study on the relationship of depression, anxiety, lifestyle and eating habits with the severity of reflux esophagitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21: 127, doi: 10.1186/s12876-021-01717-5.
Copyright: © 2026 Family Medicine & Primary Care Review. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
Share
without publication fees
Coverage in
Integrated with