Healthcare systems in Poland and Germany: historical outline and
comparative analysis

Janusz Szulik; Jakub Świtalski; Katarzyna Wnuk; Iwona Wrześniewska-Wal; Janusz Opolski; Anna Augustynowicz

doi:10.5114/ms.2026.160794

eISSN: 2300-6722
ISSN: 1899-1874

Medical Studies/Studia Medyczne

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Janusz Szulik

¹

,

Jakub Świtalski

²

,

Katarzyna Wnuk

^{1, 3}

,

Iwona Wrześniewska-Wal

¹

,

Janusz Opolski

⁴

,

Anna Augustynowicz

^{1, 5}

School of Public Health, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education of Warsaw, Poland
Department of Ethics and Medical Law, Center for the Humanities and Social Sciences in Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
Department of Health Policy Programs, Department of Healthcare Services, Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warsaw, Poland
Faculty of Engineering and Management, University of Technology and Arts in Applied Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
VIZJA University, Warsaw, Poland

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/ms.2026.160794

Online publish date: 2026/04/10

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Copyright: © 2026 Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.

Healthcare systems in Poland and Germany: historical outline and comparative analysis

Janusz Szulik 1 , Jakub Świtalski 2 , Katarzyna Wnuk 1, 3 , Iwona Wrześniewska-Wal 1 , Janusz Opolski 4 , Anna Augustynowicz 1, 5

Janusz Szulik

¹

,

Jakub Świtalski

²

,

Katarzyna Wnuk

^{1, 3}

,

Iwona Wrześniewska-Wal

¹

,

Janusz Opolski

⁴

,

Anna Augustynowicz

^{1, 5}