Invasive physiotherapy: patient rehabilitation fit for the 21st century. A review of clinical applications in movement dysfunctions

Invasive physiotherapy, including dry needling (DN), percutaneous electrolysis (PNE) and percutaneous neuromodulation (PNM), has become increasingly prominent in the treatment of neuro-musculoskeletal disorders. This paper explores the mechanisms of action involved in these techniques, their clinical efficacy as well as their areas of application. DN stimulates trigger points in muscles and, thus, relieves pain and improves motor function. PNE employs galvanic microcurrents to regenerate tissue, reducing pain and stimulating collagen production. PNM, in turn, alleviates pain and promotes neuroplasticity via electrical nerve stimulation. Although the abovementioned methods are generally considered safe, several potential side effects exist, such as myalgia and haemorrhage. Hence, further research is vital in order to establish the application standards and long-term efficacy of these techniques, which represent a valuable supplement to traditional physiotherapy methods.