eISSN: 2299-0054
ISSN: 1895-4588
Videosurgery and Other Miniinvasive Techniques
Current issue Archive Manuscripts accepted About the journal Supplements Editorial board Reviewers Abstracting and indexing Subscription Contact Instructions for authors Ethical standards and procedures
Editorial System
Submit your Manuscript
SCImago Journal & Country Rank
3/2018
vol. 13
 
Share:
Share:
General surgery
Original paper

Lateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy in patients with previous abdominal surgery – single-center experience

Sadegh Toutounchi
,
Ryszard Pogorzelski
,
Małgorzata E. Legocka
,
Ewa Krajewska
,
Krzysztof Celejewski
,
Urszula Ambroziak
,
Zbigniew Gałązka

Videosurgery Miniinv 2018; 13 (3): 283–287
Online publish date: 2018/08/19
Article file
- lateral laparoscopic.pdf  [0.12 MB]
Get citation
 
PlumX metrics:
 

Introduction

Minimally invasive adrenalectomy is the treatment of choice for most patients with benign tumors of the adrenal gland because it is associated with a shorter stay in hospital, less post-operative pain, earlier recovery, and similar long-term outcomes compared with open surgery [1–3]. Open surgery, however, seems the best treatment for some patients with adrenal cancer. Other contraindications to minimally invasive adrenalectomy are debatable [4]. Lateral transabdominal adrenalectomy (LTA) is the most common minimally invasive technique used to treat patients with adrenal tumors. Lateral transabdominal adrenalectomy may be challenging in patients with previous abdominal surgery because of post-operative peritoneum adhesions, which make it difficult to work with the equipment needed for laparoscopic surgery. This problem is common because over one-third of patients who undergo laparoscopic adrenalectomy have a history of abdominal surgery [5]. However, due to conflicting evidence, we still do not know whether previous abdominal surgery is a contraindication to laparoscopic adrenalectomy. On one hand, there is evidence that previous abdominal surgery may increase the risks of operative and major post-postoperative complications [6]. On the other hand, previous abdominal operations do not increase the risk of conversion from laparoscopic to open adrenalectomy [7–9].

Aim

The aim of the study was to analyze intra-operative and post-operative complications and reasons for conversion to open surgery in patients who underwent LTA and had previous abdominal surgery.

Material and methods

Of 519 patients who underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy in our department between 2005 and 2016, 150 had previous abdominal surgery. We retrospectively analyzed data of these 150 patients, who all underwent LTA. We analyzed the frequency of intra-operative and post-operative complications and the reasons for conversion from laparoscopic to open adrenalectomy. We collected all information by reviewing the patients’ medical and operative records.

Surgical technique

In all patients a team of three surgeons performed lateral transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy using 4 ports.
Each patient was placed on an operating table at a 45° angle contralaterally to the adrenal gland involved. We performed mini-laparotomy (Hasson’s technique), which is recommended in patients with abdominal adhesions. The first introduced 11 mm trocar was for the camera. Another 3 trocars were placed collaterally to the costal arch starting from the median line, placing the last one near the end of the 12th rib, equally on the right and left side. Photo 1 presents a patient after right laparoscopic adrenalectomy with previously undergone liver transplantation and cardiothoracic surgery; all 4 trocars were introduced in a post-laparotomy scar.
In those cases, where intraperitoneal adhesions made entering other trocars impossible, we first incised the adhesions. Photo 2 presents intra-abdominal adhesions in a patient after previous open cholecystectomy.
Photo 3 presents incision of intra-abdominal adhesions. In order to dissect the adrenal gland we used unipolar electrodes or atraumatic forceps with coagulation, and to obtain a sufficient operative area we used a triangular endoscopic retractor. After precise identification and dissection of the central adrenal vein we clipped it. Some additional adrenal vessels also needed to be clipped. The excised adrenal gland was removed from the peritoneal cavity in an extraction bag.

Results

Of 150 patients who underwent LTA and had previous abdominal surgery, 112 were women and 38 were men (mean age: 58 years; age range: 28–81 years). The patients underwent LTA due to hormonally active tumors (n = 79, 53%); including Cushing’s syndrome (n = 34), Conn’s syndrome (n = 14), and pheochromocytomas (n = 21); the remaining 71 (47%) patients had non-functioning adrenal tumors. The most common abdominal operations in our patients were of the biliary tract and gallbladder, appendectomy, and gynecologic operations.
Table I presents all the types of abdominal operations in the analyzed patients. Forty-seven (31%) patients had undergone more than one abdominal surgery before LTA (Table II). The size of adrenal lesions ranged from 20 mm to 90 mm. Seventy-eight (52%) adrenal lesions were found in the right adrenal gland, and 72 (48%) lesions, in the left adrenal gland. The mean operating time was 130 min (range: 50-280 min). The mean stay in hospital was 5 days (range: 2–13 days). The intra-operative complications included blood pressure fluctuations especially in patients with pheochromocytoma (n = 32), abnormal blood vessels supplying adrenal gland tumor causing dissections’ difficulties (n = 3), and respiratory insufficiency (n = 1).
Two (1.3%) patients had post-operative bleeding at the site of removed adrenal glands; laparoscopic surgery stopped the bleeding in 1 patient, but the other patient required open surgery (grade IIIb of Clavien-Dindo scale). One patient had an exacerbation of asthma postoperatively (grade II of Clavien-Dindo scale). Of the 150 patients analyzed, only 3 (2%) required conversion from laparoscopic to open adrenalectomy. The conversions were due to bleeding or diffuse tumor infiltration; the conversions were not caused by adhesions.
Table III presents details of patients who required conversion to open surgery.

Discussion

In this study, we analyzed intra-operative and post-operative complications and the reasons for conversion to open surgery in patients who underwent LTA and had previous abdominal surgery. We found that both complications and conversions were uncommon. Most complications were medical and were treated successfully with appropriate medications. Moreover, the conversions from laparoscopic to open adrenalectomy were not due to abdominal adhesions and therefore seemed unrelated to previous abdominal surgery.
Currently, there are few absolute contraindications to laparoscopic surgery. They include hemodynamic instability and poor tolerance of abdominal cavity insufflation with carbon dioxide. It is not clear, however, whether previous abdominal surgery is a contraindication to LTA [10]. This is an important issue because laparoscopic adrenalectomy is nowadays the gold standard for adrenalectomy, and over one-third of patients who undergo LTA have a history of abdominal surgery [5]. Lateral transabdominal adrenalectomy has advantages over other laparoscopic techniques because it is feasible in patients with obesity or with large tumors [4]. In our department, LTA was the only technique of minimally invasive adrenalectomy used in the analyzed period. Originally, laparoscopic adrenalectomy was indicated in patients with adrenal tumors < 5 cm in diameter, but it is now commonly used in patients with tumors > 8 cm [11, 12]. In our study, the largest adrenal tumor removed during LTA was 9 cm in diameter.
Many surgeons fear that postoperative abdominal adhesions may make laparoscopic operations difficult. During LTA, Mazeh et al. found adhesions more often in patients with previous ipsilateral versus contralateral upper abdominal surgery [9]. Among patients undergoing LTA, Pędziwiatr et al. reported that dissection of abdominal adhesions was considered difficult more often in patients with previous abdominal surgery than in those without previous abdominal surgery [7]. However, in our patients, we did not find any complications related to abdominal adhesions, and none of the three conversions from laparoscopic to open adrenalectomy were due to abdominal adhesions.
The mean operating time in our study (130 min) was within the range previously reported [6, 7]. The mean stay in hospital was five days, which is longer than in previous reports (about 2–4 days) [5–7, 9]. This difference may be due to different standards of post-operative care in individual institutions. Conversion to open surgery is necessary when laparoscopic adrenalectomy is unsuccessful. Thus, the conversion rate is a measure of the difficulty of a given type of surgery. Moreover, conversion is an independent risk factor of complications in patients who undergo LTA [13, 14]. In our study, the conversion rate was 2% (3/150); similarly, the rates of conversion from laparoscopic to open adrenalectomy, among patients with previous abdominal surgery, range from 1% to 11% in published work [5, 7, 9, 14]. Similarly to earlier reports, bleeding was the most common surgical complication of LTA in our study [14, 15].
In line with previous evidence, our study suggests that LTA is safe and feasible in patients with previous abdominal surgery. However, when surgeons think that previous abdominal surgery may increase the risk of LTA in particular patients, posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy (PRA) is an alternative [1]. Because PRA avoids the abdominal cavity, abdominal adhesions after previous surgery seem irrelevant to this technique. Although PRA and LTA seem to have similar effectiveness and safety [16–18], LTA is preferable in patients with larger tumors (> 8 cm), obesity, and stage 3 or 4 renal insufficiency [10]. Moreover, most general surgeons prefer LTA over PRA because they are more familiar with LTA [19].
Our study had limitations. First, the study was retrospective, which may lead to selection bias. However, we included all patients from our centre who underwent LTA and had a history of abdominal surgery; moreover, LTA was the only technique of laparoscopic adrenalectomy used in our department in the analyzed period. Second, recording of complications was not standardized, but, as a rule, we note all clinically important complications in patients’ files. Third, we included patients with all types of previous abdominal surgery, whereas some operations might be more relevant to LTA (e.g. ipsilateral cholecystectomy) than others (e.g. gynecologic operations). The small number of patients, however, made it unfeasible to compare patients with different types of previous abdominal surgery. Fourth, we did not include a control group.
Because of the low frequency of the analyzed outcomes (major complications and conversions) our study seemed underpowered to detect significant differences between patients with or without previous abdominal surgery.

Conclusions

Our findings support the view that LTA is feasible and safe in patients with previous abdominal surgery. Conversion from laparoscopic to open adrenalectomy was not caused by abdominal adhesions. Future prospective studies would help to better assess the risks associated with LTA in patients with previous abdominal surgery.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

1. Stefanidis D, Goldfarb M, Kercher KW, et al. SAGES guidelines for minimally invasive treatment of adrenal pathology. Surg Endosc 2013; 27: 3960-80.
2. Heger P, Probst P, Hüttner FJ, et al. Evaluation of open and minimally invasive adrenalectomy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. World J Surg 2017; 41: 2746-57.
3. Smith CD, Weber CJ, Amerson JR. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: new gold standard. World J Surg 1999; 23: 389-96.
4. Zacharias M, Haese A, Jurczok A, et al. Transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy: outline of the preoperative management, surgical approach, and outcome. Eur Urol 2006; 49: 448-59.
5. Morris L, Ituarte P, Zarnegar R, et al. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy after prior abdominal surgery. World J Surg 2008; 32: 897-903.
6. Seifman BD, Dunn RL, Wolf JS. Transperitoneal laparoscopy into the previously operated abdomen: effect on operative time, length of stay and complications. J Urol 2003; 169: 36-40.
7. Pędziwiatr M, Matłok M, Kulawik J, et al. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy by the lateral transperitoneal approach in patients with a history of previous abdominal surgery. Videosurgery Miniinv 2013; 8: 146-51.
8. Economopoulos KP, Phitayakorn R, Lubitz CC, et al. Should specific patient clinical characteristics discourage adrenal surgeons from performing laparoscopic transperitoneal adrenalectomy? Surgery 2016; 159: 240-8.
9. Mazeh H, Froyshteter AB, Wang TS, et al. Is previous same quadrant surgery a contraindication to laparoscopic adrenalectomy? Surgery 2012; 152: 1211-7.
10. Miller BS, Doherty GM. Surgical management of adrenocortical tumours. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2014; 10: 282-92.
11. Fiszer P, Toutounchi S, Pogorzelski R, et al. Is tumour size a contraindication to laparoscopic adrenalectomy? Case report. Video­surgery Miniinv 2012; 7: 144-6.
12. Lubikowski J, Umiński M, Andrysiak-Mamos E, et al. From open to laparoscopic adrenalectomy: thirty years’ experience of one medical centre. Endokrynol Pol 2010; 61: 94-101.
13. Gaujoux S, Bonnet S, Leconte M, et al. Risk factors for conversion and complications after unilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Br J Surg 2011; 98: 1392-9.
14. Thompson LH, Nordenström E, Almquist M, et al. Risk factors for complications after adrenalectomy: results from a comprehensive national database. Langenbeck’s Arch Surg 2017; 402: 315-22.
15. Strebel RT, Müntener M, Sulser T. Intraoperative complications of laparoscopic adrenalectomy. World J Urol 2008; 26: 555-60.
16. Lombardi CP, Raffaelli M, De Crea C, et al. Endoscopic adrenalectomy: is there an optimal operative approach? Results of a single-center case-control study. Surgery 2008; 144: 1008-15.
17. Myśliwiec P, Marek-Safiejko M, Lukaszewicz J, et al. Videoscopic adrenalectomy – when does retroperitoneal seem better? Videosurgery Miniinv 2014; 9: 226-33.
18. Siperstein AE, Berber E, Engle KL, et al. Laparoscopic posterior adrenalectomy: technical considerations. Arch Surg 2000; 135: 967-71.
19. Kokorak L, Soltes M, Vladovic P, et al. Laparoscopic left and right adrenalectomy from an anterior approach – is there any difference? Outcomes in 176 consecutive patients. Videosurgery Miniinv 2016; 11: 268-73.
Copyright: © 2018 Fundacja Videochirurgii This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
  
Quick links
© 2024 Termedia Sp. z o.o.
Developed by Bentus.