Medical Studies
eISSN: 2300-6722
ISSN: 1899-1874
Medical Studies/Studia Medyczne
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abstract:

Levosimendan: a general overview

Michał Tarnowski
1, 2
,
Martyna Wałcerz-Bajorska
1
,
Paulina Brania
1
,
Dominik Domoń
1
,
Kinga Furtak
1
,
Monika Tarnowska
3
,
Anita Kobierska
4
,
Krzysztof Myrda
5, 6

  1. Department of Cardiology, Holy Spirit Specialist Hospital, Sandomierz, Poland
  2. Interventional Radiology Unit, Holy Spirit Specialist Hospital, Sandomierz, Poland
  3. Department of Radiotherapy, Voivodeship Hospital named after Zofia Zamoyska Tarnowska, Tarnobrzeg, Poland
  4. Department of General Surgery, Voivodeship Hospital named after Zofia Zamoyska Tarnowska, Tarnobrzeg, Poland
  5. 2nd Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Zabrze, Poland
  6. 3rd Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/ms.2026.160979
Online publish date: 2026/04/15
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Heart failure remains a major clinical and public health problem worldwide, associated with high morbidity and mortality, and frequent hospitalizations. Despite advances in pharmacological and device-based therapies, management of acute and advanced heart failure remains challenging, particularly in patients requiring inotropic support. Conventional catecholaminergic inotropes are associated with increased myocardial oxygen consumption, arrhythmias, and adverse prognosis. Levosimendan, a non-catecholaminergic inodilator, has emerged as an alternative therapeutic option. The aim of this review is to summarise current knowledge on levosimendan, with particular emphasis on its pharmacological properties, mechanisms of action, clinical applications, and safety profile. A better understanding of these mechanisms may help optimise the clinical use of levosimendan and identify patient populations most likely to benefit from this therapy.
keywords:

levosimendan, pharmacology, heart failure, inodilators, acute heart failure
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