Paediatric oncology is a discipline of rare diseases, defined by incidence lower than five cases per 10,000 people. Around 1160 new cases of childhood malignancies are diagnosed every year in Poland (2016–2017). The incidence rate is about 151 children per 1 million paediatric population a year. It is calculated that one out of 6600 children develops malignancy during one calendar year. Children with oncological diseases are treated in 18 centres accredited by the Polish Society of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology. Modern treatment for childhood cancer is based on multimodal therapy including multi-agent chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, haematopoietic cell transplantation, and immunotherapy. All children in Poland are treated according to international therapeutic protocols in cooperation with international centres, which run as academic clinical trials. With this approach children with malignancy in Poland receive the same treatment as children in Western Europe. In this review we present current advances in diagnostics, treatment, and supportive care in paediatric oncology and haematology in Poland.