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HIV & AIDS Review. International Journal of HIV-Related Problems
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4/2020
vol. 19
 
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Case report

Percutaneous device closure of atrial septal defect in HIV-positive patient: a challenge for interventionist

Natraj Setty H.S.
1
,
M.C. Yeriswamy
1
,
Veeresh Patil
1
,
Jayashree Kharge
1
,
T.R. Raghu
1
,
P.C. Raghavendra
1
,
Rahul Patil
1
,
B.K. Geetha
1
,
C.N. Manjunath
1

1.
Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
HIV AIDS Rev 2020; 19, 4: 289-291
Online publish date: 2020/12/12
Article file
- HIV-00255-Setty.pdf  [0.92 MB]
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Case description

A 32-year-old female patient presented with dyspnea on exertion (NYHA class II) and fatigue for one year. An exami­nation revealed the presence of wide fixed splitting. A routine investigation was normal, and VDRL (Venereal Diseases Research Laboratory) and connective tissue profiles were also normal. The patient was a known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive case on antiretroviral therapy. Her CD4 count was 690, and chest X-ray showed cardiomegaly. An 2D echocardiography apical four-chamber view indicated dilated right atrium (RA) and right ventricle (RV) ostium secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) measuring 3 cm. Transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated RA and RV dilated normal pulmonary venous drainage ostium secundum ASD measuring 3 cm, atrioventricular rim measuring 1.5 cm, atrial rim measuring 1.5 cm, interior vena cava rim measuring 1.6 cm, and superior vena cava rim measuring 1.3 cm (mean pulmonary artery pressure-20mm (PAP)). Successful large atrial septal defect device closure was done using a 32 mm Lifetech ASD device occluder. The patient improved symptomatically and is on regular follow-up for six months.

Discussion

An atrial septal defect is a common congenital heart disease, and nearly 8% to 10% of all congenital heart diseases and 30% to 40% of adults with congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are diagnosed with atrial septal defect [1]. Percutaneous device closure and minimally invasive transthoracic device closure have improved markedly, and have achieved satisfactory outcomes in some patients with atrial septal defect, which gradually become another standard treatment for ostium secundum atrial septal defect [2]. ASD, although recognized as a relatively benign form of cardiac defect, if left untreated, can eventually contribute to significant morbidity and mortality [3]. Unrepaired ASD can lead to right ventricular volume overload, which results in right heart failure, elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, systemic embolism, and atrial arrhythmias [4]. Transcatheter device closure of secundum ASD is a maturing technology. This therapy has become a well-accepted alternative to surgical treatment, and has been regarded as generally safe and effective [5]. Echocardiographic evaluation can confirm the diagnosis. Moreover, echocardiography is not only important for the diagnosis and determining suitability for device closure. It is the primary modality, on which the interventionist relies during a closure procedure, and the determination can be made whether a particular ASD is suitable for transcathe­ter closure [6]. Even though some reports have mentioned the increased incidence of congenital heart diseases in congenitally-infected children with HIV, most of the large series across the world have not shown any increased incidence of congenital heart disease in those children [7]. Cardiac disease associated with HIV include congestive heart failure, dilated cardiomyopathy, pericardial effusion with or without tamponade, arrhythmias, marantic, and infective endocarditis [8]. The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens can alter the cardiovascular manifestations of HIV. HAART has significantly modified the course of HIV disease, extended patients’ survival, and improved quality of life of HIV-infected patients [9].

Conclusions

Percutaneous transcatheter device closure is one of the most common procedures performed in atrial septal defect. The morbidity and mortality rates of patients can significantly decrease, if timely intervened. The role of infection and inflammation in non-HIV-related cardiovascular disease is starting to be recognized, and HIV-related heart disease may provide the basis for rational therapeutic strategies and improved care. Clinicians should be aware of the various cardiovascular complications of HIV infection, especially associated coronary artery disease and congenital heart defects. They should aggressively treat all risk factors occurring in their HIV-infected patients.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
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