RESEARCH PAPER
Reliability and validity of the Polish version of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3 (MIQ-3)
 
More details
Hide details
1
Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
 
2
University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland – postgraduate studies in sport psychology
 
 
Submission date: 2016-07-15
 
 
Final revision date: 2016-10-10
 
 
Acceptance date: 2016-10-17
 
 
Online publication date: 2016-10-26
 
 
Publication date: 2016-12-05
 
 
Current Issues in Personality Psychology 2016;4(4):253-267
 
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Background
Imagery is often beneficial not only in gaining a psychological advantage when competing but also in building self-esteem and self-confidence. The aim of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Polish adaptation of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3 (MIQ-3), consisting of 12 questions measuring 3 dimensions: visual internal imagery, visual external imagery and kinesthetic imagery.

Participants and procedure
A sample of athletes (N = 276 – 102 women, 174 men (M = 21.25, SD = 6.35)) of various disciplines (football, volleyball, karate, swimming, etc.) with different sport experience (from recreation to the national team) filled in the MIQ-3 questionnaire in the Polish language.

Results
The results of the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with maximum likelihood confirmed that the established three-factor model reflects well the relationships observed in the respondents’ answers (satisfactory value of RMSEA below the recommended value of .05 (RMSEA = .04) and a high value of the index above .90 CFI (CFI = .93)). Reliability indicators (composite reliability – CR) observed for individual factors indicated a very high internal consistency (external visual imagery = .75, internal visual imagery = .79 and kinesthetic imagery = .82). The results indicated that good stability and internal consistency were maintained over a 3-week period. In addition, analyses were examined across age, level of experience and gender.

Conclusions
The results of the present study support the psychometric properties of the Polish adaptation of the MIQ-3.
 
REFERENCES (57)
1.
Abma, C. L., Fry, M. D., Li, Y., & Relyea, C. (2002). Differences in imagery content and imagery ability between high and low confident track and field athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 67–75.
 
2.
Arbuckle, J. (2006). AMOS 7: A structural equation modeling program. Chicago: Smallwaters.
 
3.
Atienza, F., Balaguer, I., & Garcia-Merita, M. L. (1994). Factor analysis and reliability of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78, 1323–1328.
 
4.
Bhasavanija, T., Vongjaturapat, N., Morris, T., & Muangnapo, P. (2011). Validation of the sport imagery ability measure in Thai for golf. Thai Journal of Sports Sciences, 8, 1–18.
 
5.
Budnik-Przybylska, D. (2014). The Imagination in Sport Questionnaire – reliability and validity characteristics. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 2, 68–80.
 
6.
Budnik-Przybylska, D., Karasiewicz, K., Morris, T., & Watt, A. (2014). Reliability, factor structure, and construct validity of the Polish version of the sport imagery ability measure. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 2, 196–207.
 
7.
Callow, N., & Roberts, R. (2010). Imagery research: An investigation of three issues. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 325–329.
 
8.
Callow, N., & Waters, A. (2005). The effect of kinesthetic imagery on the sport confidence of flat-race horse jockeys. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 6, 443–459.
 
9.
Campos, A. (2014). Gender differences in imagery. Personality and Individual Differences, 59, 107–111.
 
10.
Campos, A., Pérez-Fabello, M., & Gómez-Juncal, R. (2004). Gender and age differences in measured and self-perceived imaging capacity. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1383–1389.
 
11.
Cavallier, F. J. P. (2009). Wizualizacja [Visualisation]. Rebis: Poznań.
 
12.
Cumming, J., & Hall, C. (2002). Deliberate imagery practice: The development of imagery skills in competitive athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 137–145.
 
13.
Cumming, J., & Ramsey, R. (2009). Imagery interventions in sport. In S. D. Mellalieu & S. Hanton (eds.), Advances in applied sport psychology: A review (pp. 5–36). London: Routledge.
 
14.
Cumming, J., & Ste-Marie, D. M. (2001). The cognitive and motivational effects of imagery training: A matter of perspective. The Sport Psychologist, 15, 276–287.
 
15.
Elfving, T., Riches, D., Lintunen, T., Watt, T., & Morris, T. (2001). Reliability, factor structure and criterion validity of the Sport Imagery Ability Measure (SIAM) in athletes from Finland. In A. Papaioannou, M. Goudas, & Y. Theodorakis (eds.), Proceeding of the Xth World Congress of Sport Psychology (pp. 49–51). Athens, Greece: ISSP.
 
16.
Ferguson, G., & Takane, Y. (2009). Analiza statystyczna w psychologii i pedagogice [Statisctic analysis in psychology and pedagogy]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
 
17.
Fery, Y. A., & Morizot, P. (2000). Kinesthetic and visual image in modeling closed motor skills: The example of the tennis serve. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 90, 707–722.
 
18.
Fourkas, A. D., Avenanti, A., Urgesi, C., & Aglioti, S. M. (2006). Corticospinal facilitation during first and third person imagery. Experimental Brain Research, 168, 143–151.
 
19.
Goss, S., Hall, C., & Buckolz, E. (1983). Visual and kinesthetic imagery of movements in elementary school children. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 8, 209.
 
20.
Greenwald, A. G. (1970). Sensory feedback mechanisms in performance control: With special reference to the ideomotor mechanism. Psychological Review, 77, 73–99.
 
21.
Gregg, M., & Hall, C. (2006). Measurement of motivational imagery abilities in sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24, 961–971.
 
22.
Gregg, M., Hall, C., & Butler, A. (2010). The MIQ-RS: A suitable option for examining movement imagery ability. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 7, 249–257.
 
23.
Hall, C. R. (2001). Imagery in sport and exercise. In R. N. Singer, H. A. Hausenblas, & C. M. Janelle (eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology (2nd ed.) (pp. 529–549). New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
 
24.
Hall, C. R., & Martin, K. A. (1997). Measuring movement imagery abilities: A revision of the movement imagery questionnaire. Journal of Mental Imagery, 21, 143–154.
 
25.
Hall, C. R., Pongrac, C., & Buckholz, E. (1985). The measurement of imagery ability. Human Movement Science, 4, 107–118.
 
26.
Hardy, L., & Callow, N. (1999). Efficacy of external and internal visual imagery perspectives for the enhancement of performance on tasks in which form is important. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21, 95–112.
 
27.
Howell, D. C. (2013). Statistical Methods for Psychology. 8th ed. University of Vermont.
 
28.
Isaac, A. R., Marks, D. F., & Russell, D. G. (1986). An instrument for assessing imagery of movement: The vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire (VMIQ). Journal of Mental Imagery, 10, 23–30.
 
29.
Kenny, D. A. (2004). Terminology and basics of SEM. Retrieved April 1, 2009, from http:// davidakenny.net/cm/basics.htm.
 
30.
Konarski, R. (2010). Modele Równań Strukturalnych [Structural Equation Models]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
 
31.
Lorant, J., & Nicholas, A. (2004). Validation de la traduction française du Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised (MIQ-R) [Validation of the French translation of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised (MIQ-R)]. Science & Motricite, 53, 57-68.
 
32.
Martens, R. (1982). Imagery in sport. Paper presented at the conference on Medical and Scientific Aspects of Elitism in Sport. Brisbane, Australia.
 
33.
Mendes, P., Marinho, D., & Petrica, J. (2015). Comparison between genders in imagery ability in Portuguese basketball practitioners. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 15, 391.
 
34.
Monsma, E. V., Short, S. E., Hall, C. R., Gregg, M., & Sullivan, P. (2009). Psychometric properties of the revised Movement Imagery Questionnaire (MIQ-R). Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 4, 1–12.
 
35.
Morris, T., Spittle, M., & Watt, A. (2005). Imagery in Sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
 
36.
Nezam, S., IsaZadeh, H., Hojati, A., & Zadeh, Z. (2014). Comparison Ability of Movement Imagery perspectives in Elite, Sub-Elite and non Elite Athletes. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 8, 712–716.
 
37.
Ozel, S., Molinaro, C., & Larue, J. (2001). Influence of sport on gender differences in spatial imagery. Homeostasis in Health and Disease, 41, 169–175.
 
38.
Perry, C., & Morris, T. (1995). Mental imagery in sport. In T. Morris & J. Summers (eds.), Sport psychology: Theories, applications and issues (pp. 339–385). Brisbane, Australia: Wiley.
 
39.
Richardson, A. (1994). Individual differences in imaging: Their measurement, origins, and consequences. Amityville, NY: Baywood.
 
40.
Richardson, J. T. E. (1995). Gender differences in the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire: A meta-analysis. Journal of Mental Imagery, 19, 177–187.
 
41.
Richardson, J. T. E. (1999). Imagery. Hove: Psychology Press.
 
42.
Roberts, R., Callow, N., Hardy, L., Markland, D., & Bringer, J. (2008). Movement imagery ability: Development and assessment of a revised version of the vividness of movement imagery questionnaire. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 30, 200–221.
 
43.
Rodgers, W., Hall, C., & Buckolz, E. (1991). The effect of an imagery training program on imagery ability, imagery use, and figure skating performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 3, 109–125.
 
44.
Ruby, P., & Decety, J. (2001). Effect of subjective perspective taking during simulation of action: a PET investigation of agency. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 546–550.
 
45.
Ruiz, M. C., & Watt, A. P. (2014). Psychometric characteristics of the Spanish version of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire. Psicothema, 26, 267–272.
 
46.
Schmidt, R. A., & Wrisberg, C. A. (2004). Motor learning and performance (3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishing House.
 
47.
Sheehan, P. W., Ashton, R., & White, K. (1983). Assessment of mental imagery. In A. A. Sheikh (ed.), Imagery: Current theory, research, and application (pp. 189-221). New York: Wiley.
 
48.
Smyth, M. M., & Waller, A. (1998). Movement imagery in rock climbing: Patterns of interference from visual, spatial and kinaesthetic secondary tasks. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12, 145–157.
 
49.
Taktek, K. (2004). The effects of mental imagery on the acquisition of motor skills and performance: A literature review. Journal of Mental Imagery, 28, 79–114.
 
50.
Vadocz, E., Hall, C. R., & Moritz, S. E. (1997). The relationship between competitive anxiety and imagery use. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9, 241–253.
 
51.
Vealey, R., & Greenleaf C. A. (1998). Seeing is believing: Understanding and Using imagery in sport. In J. M. Williams (ed.), Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (3rd ed.) (pp. 247–283). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.
 
52.
Vealey, R. S. (1986). Imagery training for performance enhancement. In J. M. Williams (ed.), Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (1st ed.) (pp. 209–231). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.
 
53.
Vealey, R. S., & Walter, S. M. (1993). Imagery training for performance enhancement and personal development. In J. M. Williams (ed.), Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (2nd ed.) (pp. 200–224). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.
 
54.
Watt, A. P., Morris, T., & Andersen, M. B. (2004). Issues in the development of a measure of imagery ability in sport. Journal of Mental Imagery, 28, 149–180.
 
55.
White, A., & Hardy, L. (1995). Use of different imagery perspectives on the learning and performance of different motor skills. The British Journal of Psychology, 86, 169–180.
 
56.
Williams, S. E., & Cumming, J. (2011). Measuring Athlete Imagery Ability: The Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 33, 416–440.
 
57.
Williams, S., Cumming, J., Ntoumanis, N., Nordin-Bates, S. M., Ramsey, R., & Hall, C. (2012). Further validation and development of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 34, 621–646.
 
Copyright: © Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk This is an Open Access journal, all articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
eISSN:2353-561X
ISSN:2353-4192
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top