Simple risk stratification for a complex coronary phenotype: association of the ACEF score with coronary slow flow
Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karabük University, Karabük, Turkey
-
Aparicio A, Cuevas J, Morís C, Martín M. Slow coronary blood flow: pathogenesis and clinical implications. Eur Cardiol 2022; 17: e08.
Yu J, Yi D, Yang C, et al. Major adverse cardiovascular events and prognosis in patients with coronary slow flow. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49: 102074.
Zhu Q, Wang S, Huang X, et al. Understanding the pathogenesis of coronary slow flow: recent advances. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2024; 34: 137-44.
Mayer M, Allan T, Harkin KL, et al. Angiographic coronary slow flow is not a valid surrogate for invasively diagnosed coronary microvascular dysfunction. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2024; 17: 920-9.
Elsherbiny IA. Left ventricular function and exercise capacity in patients with slow coronary flow. Echocardiography 2012; 29: 158-64.
Yilmaz MB, Yalta K. Coronary flow slows as renal function worsens. Clin Cardiol 2009; 32: 278-82.
Iqhrammullah M, Rampengan D. Coronary slow-flow syndrome: a review on natural history of disease and best practices. Res Heart Yield Transl Med 2025; 20: 55-68.
Kalaycı B, Kalaycı S, Kokturk F. Proportional serum lipid parameters in coronary slow flow phenomenon. Türk Klinik Cardiovasc Sci 2019; 31: 21-8.
Beltrame JF. Defining the coronary slow flow phenomenon. Circ J
2012; 76: 818-20.
TIMI Study Group. The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial. Phase I findings. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 932-6.
Ranucci M, Castelvecchio S, Menicanti L, et al. Risk of assessing mortality risk in elective cardiac operations: age, creatinine, ejection fraction, and the law of parsimony. Circulation 2009; 119: 3053-61.
Yilmaz H, Demir I, Uyar Z. Clinical and coronary angiographic characteristics of patients with coronary slow flow. Acta Cardiol 2008; 63: 579-84.
Turhan H, Erbay AR, Yasar AS, et al. Impaired coronary blood flow in patients with metabolic syndrome: documented by Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) frame count method. Am Heart J 2004; 148: 789-94.
Yılmaz MB, Erdem A, Yontar OC, et al. Relationship between HbA₁c and coronary flow rate in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and angiographically normal coronary arteries. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars 2010; 38: 405-10.
Wei XB, Su ZD, Liu YH, et al. Age, creatinine and ejection fraction (ACEF) score: a simple risk-stratified method for infective endocarditis. QJM 2019; 112: 900-6.
Gao S, Ma W, Huang S, et al. Predictive value of the age, creatinine, and ejection fraction score in patients with myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries. Clin Cardiol 2021; 44: 1011-8.
Liu L, Yang X, Gu Y, et al. Predictive value of the age, creatinine, and ejection fraction (ACEF) score in patients with acute fulminant myocarditis. Front Physiol 2021; 12: 596548.
Luo Y, Tang Y, Huang W, et al. Age, creatinine, and ejection fraction (ACEF) score as predictive values for late non-valvular atrial fibrillation recurrence after radiofrequency ablation. Clin Exp Hypertens 2023; 45: 2207784.
Wykrzykowska JJ, Garg S, Onuma Y, et al. Value of age, creatinine, and ejection fraction (ACEF Score) in assessing risk in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions in the ‘All-Comers’ LEADERS trial. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 4: 47-56.
Kristić I, Crnčević N, Runjić F, et al. ACEF performed better than other risk scores in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome during long term follow-up. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021; 21: 70.
Paolucci L, Mangiacapra F, Viscusi MM, et al. Prediction of 5-year mortality in patients with chronic coronary syndrome treated with elective percutaneous coronary intervention: role of the ACEF Score. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2021; 14: 1125-30.
Xiong S, Yin S, Deng W, et al. Predictive value of the age, creatinine, and ejection fraction (ACEF) Score in cardiovascular disease among middle-aged population. J Clin Med 2022; 11: 6609.
Gao G, Zhang D, Song C, et al. Integrating the residual SYNTAX score to improve the predictive ability of the age, creatinine, and ejection fraction (ACEF) score for cardiac mortality in percutaneous coronary intervention patients. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2020; 95 Suppl 1: 534-41.
Jung JC, Ju JW, Chang HW, et al. Predictive performances of ACEF, ACEF II, updated ACEF II, and EuroSCORE II risk scores in patients undergoing isolated off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2024; 38: 2932-8.
Backelin CN, Svedlund S, Bollano E, et al. Prevalence and importance of coronary microvascular dysfunction in patients with heart failure and reduced or mildly reduced ejection fraction. Open Heart 2025; 12: e003509.
Shabani P, Dong F, Yun J, et al. Does coronary microvascular dysfunction play a role in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction? J Mol Cell Cardiol 2025; 200: 61-7.
Toya T, Nagatomo Y, Ikegami Y, et al. Coronary microvascular dysfunction in heart failure patients. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10: 1153994.
Shereef AS, Abdelmajeed MG, Alshair MH, et al. Coronary slow flow and its correlation with reduced left ventricle global longitudinal strain: a case-control study. Echo Res Pract 2024; 11: 2.
Dąbrowski EJ, Kralisz P, Nowak K, et al. Validation of EuroSCORE II, ACEF Score, CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc, and CHA(2)DS(2)-VA in patients undergoing left main coronary artery angioplasty: analysis from all-comers BIA-LM Registry. J Clin Med 2024; 13: 6907.
Sartore G, Ragazzi E, Caprino R, Lapolla A. Long-term HbA1c variability and macro-/micro-vascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis update. Acta Diabetol 2023; 60: 721-38.
Del Buono MG, Montone RA, Camilli M, et al. Coronary microvascular dysfunction across the spectrum of cardiovascular diseases: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 78: 1352-71.
