Health systems rely on the availability and equitable distribution of healthcare professionals to ensure universal access to medical services. However, many countries continue to face persistent geographic disparities, contributing to the emergence of so-called medical deserts, regions where healthcare needs remain unmet due to limited service provision, personnel shortages, or systemic barriers. Although governments have implemented various educational, financial, and regulatory interventions, these often lack robust evaluation and long-term effectiveness.
This review analyzes the potential of innovative digital tools, particularly artificial intelligence (AI), telemedicine, and large language models (LLMs), to mitigate the effects of medical deserts, with special emphasis on the Polish healthcare context. Based on an analysis of literature published between 2006 and 2025, the paper explores how these technologies contribute to improved healthcare accessibility, especially in underserved areas. Particular attention is given to the role of AI-assisted diagnostics, remote patient monitoring, and LLM-enhanced clinical decision support systems. The review also discusses current adoption trends, national initiatives, and the legal-regulatory framework for AI implementation in Poland.
While the integration of AI in health care remains limited, the dynamic development of digital technologies and the emergence of domestic LLMs indicate a growing potential for systemic transformation. Despite infrastructural, operational, and ethical challenges, AI-powered solutions offer promising tools to support healthcare delivery in resource-constrained settings and reduce regional disparities in access to care.