Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism

Full text

3/2026 vol. 32
Original paper

Thyroid ultrasonography versus scintigraphy for establishing a stepwise imaging approach in pediatric patients with thyroid dysgenesis in resource-limited settings

Noha Arafa 1
,
Shimaa Atef 1
,
Nehad Kamal Hamed Elshwimy 2
,
Marwa Mohamed Mohamed Onsy 3
,
Samah Ahmed Hassanein 3

  1. Diabetes Endocrine and Metabolism Pediatric Unit, Kasr Al-Ainy Medical School, Children’s Hospital, Cairo University, Egypt

  2. Department of Pediatrics, 6th of October Central Hospital, Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt

  3. Department of Radiology, Kasr Al-Ainy Medical School, Cairo University, Egypt

Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2026; 32 (3): 172-180

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/pedm.2026.163205
Data publikacji online: 2026/09/14
Article file
0411_Thyroid ultrasonography.pdf
Confronting perimenopausal women’s knowledge of coronary heart disease with their health behaviours. Controversial role of hormone replacement therapy in the protection of coronary heart disease
  1. Özer Y, Anık A, Sayılı U, et al. High frequency of transient congenital hypothyroidism among infants referred for suspected congenital hypothyroidism from the Turkish National screening program: thyroxine dose may guide the prediction of transients. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47: 2213–2224. doi: 10.1007/s40618-024-02348-9.
  2. Gorini F, Vassalle C. A literature review on SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses in thyroid disorders: environmental triggers or no-guilty bystanders? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20: 2389. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20032389.
  3. Cherella CE, Wassner AJ. Update on congenital hypothyroidism. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2020; 27: 63–69. doi: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000520.
  4. Stoupa A, Kariyawasam D, Nguyen Quoc A, et al. Approach to the patient with congenital hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107: 3418–3427. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgac534.
  5. Livett T, LaFranchi S. Imaging in congenital hypothyroidism. Curr Opin Pediatr 2019; 31: 555–561. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000 000782.
  6. Léger J, Olivieri A, Donaldson M, et al. European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology consensus guidelines on screening, diagnosis, and management of congenital hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99: 363–384. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-1891.
  7. Ahmad N, Irfan A, Al Saedi SA. Congenital hypothyroidism: screening, diagnosis, management, and outcome. J Clin Neonatol 2017; 6: 64–70. doi: 10.4103/jcn.JCN_5_17.
  8. Barry Y, Bonaldi C, Goulet V, et al. Increased incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in France from 1982 to 2012: a nationwide multicenter analysis. Ann Epidemiol 2016; 26: 100–105.e4. doi: 10.1016/j. annepidem.2015.11.005.
  9. Van Trotsenburg P, Stoupa A, Léger J, et al. Congenital hypothyroidism: a 2020–2021 consensus guidelines update – an ENDO-European Reference Network initiative endorsed by the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and the European Society for Endocrinology. Thyroid 2021; 31: 387–419. doi: 10.1089/thy.2020.0333.
  10. Goldis M, Waldman L, Marginean O, et al. Thyroid imaging in infants. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2016; 45: 255–266. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2016.02.005.
  11. Chun S, Lee YS, Yu J. Thyroid imaging study in children with suspected thyroid dysgenesis. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 26: 53–59. doi: 10.6065/apem.2040120.060.
  12. Perry RJ, Maroo S, Maclennan AC, et al. Combined ultrasound and isotope scanning is more informative in the diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism than single scanning. Arch Dis Child 2006; 91: 972–976. doi: 10.1136/adc.2006.096776.
  13. Tamam M, Adalet I, Bakir B, et al. Diagnostic spectrum of congenital hypothyroidism in Turkish children. Pediatr Int 2009; 51: 464–468. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2008.02790.x.
  14. Ohnishi H, Sato H, Noda H, et al. Color Doppler ultrasonography: diagnosis of ectopic thyroid gland in patients with congenital hypothyroidism caused by thyroid dysgenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 5145–5149. doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-030743.
  15. Kumar Choudhury B, Kaimal Saikia U, Sarma D, et al. Dual ectopic thyroid with normally located thyroid: a case report. J Thyroid Res 2011; 2011: 159703. doi: 10.4061/2011/159703.
  16. Karakoc-Aydiner E, Turan S, Akpinar I, et al. Pitfalls in the diagnosis of thyroid dysgenesis by thyroid ultrasonography and scintigraphy. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 166: 43–48. doi: 10.1530/EJE-11-0140.
  17. Olivieri A, Stazi MA, Mastroiacovo P, et al. A population-based study on the frequency of additional congenital malformations in infants with congenital hypothyroidism: data from the Italian Registry for Congenital Hypothyroidism (1991–1998). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 557–562. doi: 10.1210/jcem.87.2.8235.
  18. Noussios G, Anagnostis P, Goulis DG, et al. Ectopic thyroid tissue: anatomical, clinical, and surgical implications of a rare entity. Eur J Endocrinol 2011; 165: 375–382. doi: 10.1530/EJE-11-0461.
  19. Santangelo G, Pellino G, De Falco N, et al. Prevalence, diagnosis and management of ectopic thyroid glands. Int J Surg 2016; 28 Suppl 1: S1–S6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.12.043.
  20. Eugène D, Djemli A, Van Vliet G. Sexual dimorphism of thyroid function in newborns with congenital hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 2696–2700. doi: 10.1210/jc.2004-2320.
  21. Dayal D, Prasad R. Congenital hypothyroidism: current perspectives. Research and reports in endocrine disorders. 2015; 5: 91–102. https://doi.org/10.2147/RRED.S56402.
  22. Lucas-Herald A, Jones J, Attaie M, et al. Diagnostic and predictive value of ultrasound and isotope thyroid scanning, alone and in combination, in infants referred with thyroid-stimulating hormone elevation on newborn screening. J Pediatr 2014; 164: 846–854. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.11.057.
  23. Supakul N, Delaney LR, Siddiqui AR, et al. Ultrasound for primary imaging of congenital hypothyroidism. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2012; 199: W360–W366. doi: 10.2214/AJR.11.7905.
  24. Yunis KA, Nasr MR, Lepejian G, et al. False-negative primary neonatal thyroid screening: the need for clinical vigilance and secondary screening. J Med Screen 2003; 10: 2–4. doi: 10.1258/096914103321610725.
SUBMIT YOUR PAPER
Share
without publication fees
Integrated with
integrated with publons
Editorial Policies
Sarajevo Declaration on Integrity and Visibility of Scholarly Publications