Physical activity, besides its undeniable positive impact on health, is a known trigger for some diseases. Exercise-induced anaphylaxis (EIA) and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) are conditions characterized by the onset of symptoms during or after physical activity. EIA is rare, with a prevalence of approximately 0.05% of the general population. In contrast, EIB is more common, affecting about 5−20% of the population and 70–90% of patients with asthma. Importantly, atopic disorders often accompany EIA as well. The pathogenesis of physical activity as a trigger in both EIA and EIB shares some mechanisms such as dehydration and inflammatory processes in the airways. An important point in prevention and management, particularly in primary care, is patient education on triggers and appropriate medication. This includes prophylactic strategies, for instance exercising in favorable weather conditions or staying hydrated during activity. However, further research in primary care can improve physician education, enhance patient awareness, and optimize the recognition and management of EIA and EIB. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, management, and treatment of EIA and EIB. The article compares two conditions, which are related to a common trigger – physical activity – and analyses their differences and similarities.