Polish Journal of Pathology
eISSN: 2084-9869
ISSN: 1233-9687
Polish Journal of Pathology
Current issue Archive Manuscripts accepted About the journal Supplements Editorial board Abstracting and indexing Subscription Contact Instructions for authors Publication charge Ethical standards and procedures
Editorial System
Submit your Manuscript
SCImago Journal & Country Rank
Share:
Share:
Original paper

Unravelling the link between mismatch repair protein deficiency and immune checkpoint markers – programmed death ligand 1 and galectin-9 expression in malignant melanoma

Gizem Teoman
1
,
Mustafa Emre Ercin
2
,
Safak Ersoz
1
,
Savas Yayli
3
,
Murat Livaoglu
4

  1. Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Trabzon, Turkey
  2. Lokman Hekim University, Department of Pathology, Ankara, Turkey
  3. Koç University Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Istanbul, Turkey
  4. Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Trabzon, Turkey
Pol J Pathol 2025; 76 (3)
Online publish date: 2025/11/05
Article file
Get citation
 
PlumX metrics:
 
1. Dzwierzynski WW. Managing malignant melanoma. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 132: 446e-60e.
2. Rastrelli M, Tropea S, Rossi CR, Alaibac M. Melanoma: epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and classification. In Vivo 2014; 28: 1005-1011.
3. Scolyer RA, Rawson RV, Gershenwald JE, Ferguson PM, Prieto VG. Melanoma pathology reporting and staging. Mod Pathol 2020; 33: 15-24.
4. Dudley JC, Lin MT, Le DT, Eshleman JR. Microsatellite instability as a biomarker for PD-1 blockade. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22: 813-820.
5. Bhattacharya P, Patel TN. Microsatellite instability and promoter hypermethylation of DNA repair genes in hematologic Malignancies: a forthcoming direction toward diagnostics. Hematology 2018; 23: 77-82.
6. Garcia JJ, Kramer MJ, O’Donnell RJ, Horvai AE. Mismatch repair protein expression and microsatellite instability: a comparison of clear cell sarcoma of soft parts and metastatic melanoma. Modern Pathology 2006; 19: 950-957.
7. Ponti G, Longo C. Microsatellite instability and mismatch repair protein expression in sebaceous tumors, keratocanthoma, and basal cell carcinomas with sebaceous differentiation in Muir-Torre syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 68: 509-510.
8. Shimozaki K, Hayashi H, Tanishima S, Horie S, Chida A, Tsugaru K, et al. Concordance analysis of microsatellite instability status between polymerase chain reaction based testing and next generation sequencing for solid tumors. Sci Rep 2021; 11: 20003.
9. Nebot-Bral L, Coutzac C, Kannouche PL, Chaput N. Why is immunotherapy effective (or not) in patients with MSI/MMRD tumors? Bull Cancer 2019; 106: 105-113.
10. Sunshine JC, Nguyen PL, Kaunitz GJ, Cottrell TR, Berry S, Esandrio J, et al. PD-L1 expression in melanoma: a quantitative immunohistochemical antibody comparison. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23: 4938-4944.
11. Zhang M, Liu C, Li Y, Li H, Zhang W, Liu J, et al. Galectin-9 in cancer therapy: from immune checkpoint ligand to promising therapeutic target. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11: 1332205.
12. Shimozaki K, Hayashi H, Tanishima S, Horie S, Chida A, Tsugaru K, et al. Concordance analysis of microsatellite instability status between polymerase chain reaction based testing and next generation sequencing for solid tumors. Sci Rep 2021; 11: 20003.
13. Maule JG, Clinton LK, Graf RP, Xiao J, Oxnard GR, Ross JS, et al. Comparison of PD-L1 tumor cell expression with 22C3, 28-8, and SP142 IHC assays across multiple tumor types. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10: e005573.
14. Saygin I, Çakır E, Kazaz SN, Güvercin AR, Eyüboğlu İ, Ustaoğlu MM. Immunohistochemical analysis of the immune checkpoint molecule Galectin-9 in meningiomas. Cukurova Med J 2024; 49: 600-606.
15. Mestrallet G, Brown M, Bozkus CC, Bhardwaj N. Immune escape and resistance to immunotherapy in mismatch repair deficient tumors. Front Immunol 2023; 14: 1210164.
16. Russell BL, Sooklal SA, Malindisa ST, Daka LJ, Ntwasa M. The tumor microenvironment factors that promote resistance to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11: 641428.
17. Diaz LA, Le DT. PD-1 blockade in tumors with mismatch- repair deficiency. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: 2509-2520.
18. Luke JJ, Flaherty KT, Ribas A, Long GV. Targeted agents and immunotherapies: optimizing outcomes in melanoma. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2017; 14: 463-482.
19. Yang R, Sun L, Li CF, Wang YH, Yao J, Li H, et al. Galectin-9 interacts with PD-1 and TIM-3 to regulate T cell death and is a target for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2021; 12: 832.
20. Díaz-García E, Alfaro E, Pérez-Moreno P, López-Fernández C, García-Sánchez A, Martínez-García MÁ, et al. Immune checkpoint biomarkers Galectin-9 and TIM-3 predict melanoma and lung cancer mortality in obstructive sleep apnoea. Arch Bronconeumol 2025; S0300-2896(25)00116-4.
21. Enninga EA, Nevala WK, Holtan SG, Leontovich AA, Markovic SN. Galectin-9 modulates immunity by promoting Th2/M2 differentiation and impacts survival in patients with metastatic melanoma. Melanoma Res 2016; 26: 429-441.
22. Wang L, Zhang C, Ji J, Jiao Q. Galectin-9: diverse roles in skin disease. Front Allergy 2025; 6: 1614277.
Copyright: © 2025 Polish Association of Pathologists and the Polish Branch of the International Academy of Pathology This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
Quick links
© 2025 Termedia Sp. z o.o.
Developed by Bentus.