@Article{Duda2018,
journal="Forum Ortodontyczne / Orthodontic Forum",
issn="1734-1558",
volume="14",
number="2",
year="2018",
title="Comparison of the upper
respiratory tract width at the
level of the adenoid in patients
with normal and abnormal
breathing route",
abstract="This study assesses the upper respiratory tract width at the  level of the adenoid in patients with a normal (nasal) and  abnormal (oral or mixed) breathing route. Aim. To compare  the upper respiratory tract width in the study group  (abnormal breathing route) and control group (normal  breathing route) and to determine the cut-off point and  mean limit values in order to conduct a differential diagnosis  between a habitual and constitutional breathing route.  Material and methods. The study included 221 patients  treated at the Aquadent-Ortoestetyka Clinic in Kielce. Based  on the medical history taken, clinical examination and  subjective evaluation of the upper respiratory tract width  according to Holmberg 112 patients were enrolled into the  study group and 109 patients into the control group. The  upper respiratory tract width was measured with two  different linear methods: a modified method by Holmberg and Linder-Aronson, and the Linder-Aronson and Henricson  method (AD1-PNS, AD2-PNS). Results. In the study group  the mean value of the Holmberg measurement is 4.25 mm,  and in the control group – 14.1 mm. Mean values of AD1-  PNS and AD2-PNS measurements in the study group are 8.1  mm and 9.5 mm, respectively, and they can be regarded as  mean limit values. The 6 mm Holmberg measurement is the  cut-off value between the study and control groups, and it  should be monitored. In relation to the Holmberg  measurement a difference between the study and control  groups is 9.85 mm. Regarding AD1-PNS and AD2-PNS  measurements a difference between the study and control  groups is 11.4 mm and 10.0 mm, respectively. Conclusions.  The upper respiratory tract width at the level of the adenoid  shows a statistically significant difference between the study  and control groups. It may indicate significant narrowing of  the upper respiratory tract at the level of the adenoid in the  study group or a different type of morphology of the facial  skeleton. Limit values obtained in the study allow  differentiation of a habitual and constitutional breathing  route. (Duda A, Stós W. Comparison of the upper  respiratory tract width at the level of the adenoid in  patients with normal and abnormal breathing route.  Orthod Forum 2018; 14: 106-18).",
author="Duda, Anna
and Stós, Wojciech",
pages="106--118",
doi="10.5114/for.2018.86637",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/for.2018.86637"
}