@Article{Granda2025,
journal="Biology of Sport",
issn="0860-021X",
volume="42",
number="3",
year="2025",
title="Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder among highly trained and elite female athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis",
abstract="Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) involves psychological and physical symptoms affecting around 30% of reproductive-age women, while premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a more severe, less common form. The aim of the review was to determine whether PMS and PMDD are more common among highly trained female athletes compared to non-training women. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022323111). A search of PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science (up to August 2024) identified 12 eligible studies, with 7 included in the meta-analysis. Data from 1570 female athletes and 1165 non-athletes were analysed. A total of 755 cases of PMS and 54 cases of PMDD were found in all included studies. The prevalence of PMS among athletes ranged from 8.6 to 65.8%, while the impact of symptoms on athletic performance was reported by 41.1 to 44.3% of respondents. The meta analysis on PMS prevalence ( n  = 2005 women) indicated 16% lower odds for athletes compared to non-athletes, however, the result was not statistically significant ( p  = 0.409). The prevalence of PMDD among athletes ranged from 1.3 to 13.1%. Meta-analysis results ( n  = 1314 women) showed 16% higher odds ratio of PMDD prevalence among athletes compared to nonathletes, but the association was also not significant ( p  = 0.660). This is the first systematic review and metaanalysis on the susceptibility of women to PMS and PMDD symptomsin relation to physical activity at a professional level. The prevalence of PMS among athletes could be highly variable, while PMDD appears to be a relatively minor issue. Further research regarding PMS and PMDD in female athletes is warranted.",
author="Granda, Dominika
and Szmidt, Maria Karolina
and Surała, Olga
and Malczewska-Lenczowska, Jadwiga",
pages="211--225",
doi="10.5114/biolsport.2025.148542",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2025.148542"
}