@Article{Witowska-Jeleń2025,
journal="Klinika Oczna / Acta Ophthalmologica Polonica",
issn="0023-2157",
volume="127",
number="3",
year="2025",
title="Etiology, diagnosis, and management of partially accommodative esotropia",
abstract="This paper presents an overview of partially accommodative esotro­pia focusing on its key characteristics, classification, and underlying mechanisms, primarily associated with uncorrected hyperopia and a high accommodative convergence to accommodation (AC/A) ra­tio. Diagnostic approaches, including refraction testing, visual acuity assessment, measurement of the angle of strabismus, prism adapta­tion testing, AC/A ratio evaluation, and binocular vision testing, are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the importance of accurate spec­tacle correction, also with the use of bifocal lenses, in conservative treatment. Additionally, invasive options used in the management of partially accommodative esotropia, such as botulinum toxin injec­tions and strabismus surgery, are briefly explored.",
author="Witowska-Jeleń, Ewa",
pages="108--113",
doi="10.5114/ko.2025.153967",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/ko.2025.153967"
}