@Article{Lewusz-Butkiewicz2026,
journal="Medical Studies/Studia Medyczne",
issn="1899-1874",
year="2026",
title="Radiographic assessment of caries severity, periodontal disease,
and endodontic treatment – a narrative review of contemporary
diagnostic indicators",
abstract="Radiology facilitates the imaging of two- and three-dimensional structures of hard tissues. Therefore, knowledge of radiological imaging techniques, their proper use, and knowledge of the latest advances have a significant impact on the efficiency of the dentist’s work. A comprehensive literature review was conducted based on available publications. Articles describing methods of radiological assessment of dental caries, periodontal disease, and endodontic treatment utilising using twodimensional and three-dimensional imaging were included. The following diagnostic indices were introduced: ICCMS, PAI, CBCTPAI, and PESS. The potential of using artificial intelligence in radiological diagnostics were also presented. The necessity of two- and three-dimensional methodologies in contemporary dental diagnostics was also emphasised. Despite the enormous progress in spatial imaging, represented by CBCT, there are still some limitations in dental caries diagnostics.  Furthermore, the integration of artificial intelligence in the domain of radiological diagnostics in dentistry is a promising field of science that requires further research.",
author="Lewusz-Butkiewicz, Katarzyna
and Vorobiov, Stanislav
and Kulas-Bałaban, Aleksandra
and Rogocka, Marta
and Kaczor-Wiankowska, Kinga",
doi="10.5114/ms.2026.161294",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/ms.2026.161294"
}