@Article{Wójcik-Krowiranda2026,
journal="Nursing Problems / Problemy Pielęgniarstwa",
issn="1233-9989",
volume="34",
number="1",
year="2026",
title="The impact of smoking and alcohol consumption
on fetal development: a review",
abstract=" Abstract    Cigarettes  and alcohol are the most popular stimulants. In Poland, a\ large  proportion of the population habitually smokes tobacco products.  The\ report Health Behaviors of Pregnant Women shows that only  one out of ten women quit smoking in order to expand their family.  Every year in Poland, over 100,000 children are born exposed to  tobacco smoke in their prenatal development. In  2021, the average per capita consumption of pure alcohol in Poland  was nearly 10 liters. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and the full  syndrome occur in 20 out of 1000 and 4 out of 1000 newborns,  respectively. Pregnant women who smoke and drink alcohol are at  greater risk of pregnancy-related pathologies and intrauterine growth  retardation. Fetal alcohol spectrum  disorder is incurable, but can be prevented by abstaining from  alcohol throughout pregnancy. The\ World Health Organization  (WHO) recommends raising awareness of the harmful effects of smoking  and taking action to support women in quitting the habit. ",
author="Wójcik-Krowiranda, Katarzyna
and Leśniczak, Beata
and Bieńkiewicz, Andrzej",
pages="8--14",
doi="10.5114/ppiel.2026.161424",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/ppiel.2026.161424"
}