@Article{Kruk2006,
journal="Contemporary Oncology/Współczesna Onkologia",
issn="1428-2526",
volume="10",
number="5",
year="2006",
title="Fruits and vegetables consumption and the risk of breast cancer",
abstract="  Background:  Breast cancer remains a worldwide public health concern for women of all ages. The disease represents the second leading cause of cancer death among women. Results of most epidemiological studies have demonstrated that diet high in fruits and vegetables may protect against breast cancer.   Purpose:  The aim of this work was to analyze the association between usual consumption of fruits and vegetables, intake of \&#946;-carotene and other vitamins and breast cancer risk.   Material:  This case-control study was conducted between October 1997 and October 1998 and was based on 257 women (median age 55.0\&#177;11.3) diagnosed with histologically confirmed invasive or in - situ breast cancer operated in the Szczecin hospitals during 1999-2003. Control subjects for this study (565 women, median age 52.2\&#177;12.2) were free of any cancer diagnosis and were frequency matched to case patients on age and place of residence.   Methods:  The subjects completed self-administered detailed - structured questionnaire including questions on sociodemographic data, gynecological factors (age at menarche, age at birth of the first child, total number of full - term pregnancies), lifestyle factors (lifetime exercise/sports activity in leisure time, alcohol use, consumption of fruits and vegetables, experience of psychological stress); anthropometric measures (weight, height), physical activity at work. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by multivariate logistic regression.   Results:  Women who consumed fruits and vegetables frequently (every day or several times per day) had evidently a lower risk of breast cancer than those who consumed these products very rarely (occasionally, once per month, several times per month), OR=0.30; 95% CI=0.18-0.50, P for trend<0.001. Likewise, a clear association between consumption of these products and breast cancer risk in subgroups defined by body mass index was found, whereas in subgroups defined by leisure - time physical activity level the association was evident only among women determined as low and medium physically active. Intake of vitamin C, multivitamin, \&#946;-carotene was not associated with breast cancer risk reduction.   Conclusion:  This study provides evidence that frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables may reduce breast cancer risk.",
author="Kruk, Joanna",
pages="224--230",
url="https://www.termedia.pl/Fruits-and-vegetables-consumption-and-the-risk-of-breast-cancer,3,6263,1,1.html"
}