@Article{Sudoł-Szopińska2007,
journal="Ginekologia Praktyczna  - - -       <span style=color: red>ARCHIVAL</span>",
issn="1231-6407",
year="2007",
title="Diagnostics of the pelvic floor obstetric defects",
abstract="Obstetric defects of the pelvic floor can affect one or  more muscles. Spontaneous, symptomatic peritoneal tears are frequent, however they are not advanced and affect only vaginal mucosa and skin of peritoneum (I degree). Rarely they involve muscles of the peritoneum (II stage), very rarely, i.e. in  1-2% of women they affect anal sphincters (III degree) and anal mucosa (IV degree defect). Symptoms of anal sphincters incontinence occur in 13-25% of women after vaginal delivery. In anal endosonography defects of anal sphincters are visible in  35-40% of them. This review article presented methods used in diagnostics of obstetric trauma of the pelvic floor structures (i.e. anal sphincters defects and ano- and recto-vaginal fistulas). They are discussed in the following order: history and gynecological and proctologic examinations, endoscopic, functional and radiological examinations, including anal endosonography, with their advantages, limitations, and their potential applications.",
author="Sudoł-Szopińska, Iwona
and Radkiewicz, Justyna
and Kołodziejczak, Małgorzata
and Wójtowicz, Mariusz
and Jakubowski, Wiesław",
pages="22--31",
url="https://www.termedia.pl/Diagnostics-of-the-pelvic-floor-obstetric-defects,5,8060,1,1.html"
}