At the turn of the 19th and 20th century McColum made the discovery of vitamin D as a result of the research on cod liver oil, in order to identify substances having anti ricets effect. Since that time, knowledge of its role in the human body systematically increases. For many years it was thought that it only plays a role in regulating calcium economy. The discovery in the mid-1970s of the presence of VDR- Vitamin D Receptor in most cells of the human body have turned attention to its pleiotropic effect. Special attention deserves wit. D impact on the risk of metabolic diseases and of pre-neoplasia as well as the long-term effects of the treatment of these diseases. The article presents a short review of the results of previously conducted studies on these issues.