A current overview on adolescent alcohol misuse and its potential negative impacts

Introduction:
The recent proliferation of reckless forms of alcohol consumption among adolescents contributes to a higher risk of acute poisoning and to a range of potential negative consequences. This narrative review first addresses current trends in adolescent alcohol misuse, including binge-drinking and non-oral routes of consumption, and then explores alcohol as a substance, including its pharmacological basis of action, its negative health-related effects, the mechanisms underlying its impact, and the potential social implications stemming from its use.

Review:
Binge-drinking practices among adolescents represent a worldwide emerging problem because the health and social risks derived from this type of consumption at an early age are significantly amplified. Non-oral routes of alcohol consumption are becoming increasingly common due to reasons such as curiosity and fast onset of effects. Alcohol alters neurotransmission in the brain, resulting in a modification of its function. Excessive alcohol use can impact physiological and mental health, leading to impairments across the digestive, nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Drinking at an early age is related to higher risk of developing alcohol use disorder, and the social stigma linked to this condition reveals a lower probability for seeking support.

Conclusions:
Policies on alcohol should be developed from a public health perspective and grounded in scientific evidence, with a particular focus on young populations. Stricter control of media content, education for families and schools, and the implementation of social intervention programmes and public health campaigns aimed at raising awareness and providing support are essential to prevent alcohol misuse among adolescents.