eISSN: 2449-8580
ISSN: 1734-3402
Family Medicine & Primary Care Review
Current issue Archive Manuscripts accepted About the journal Editorial board Reviewers Abstracting and indexing Subscription Contact Instructions for authors Publication charge Ethical standards and procedures
Editorial System
Submit your Manuscript
SCImago Journal & Country Rank
3/2021
vol. 23
 
Share:
Share:
Review paper

Acute kidney injury after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a narrative review of causes, diagnosis, and prevention

Mansour Jannati
1
,
Javad Kojuri
2

1.
Cardiac Surgery Ward, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
2.
Cardiology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Family Medicine & Primary Care Review 2021; 23(3): 372–379
Online publish date: 2021/10/05
Get citation
 
PlumX metrics:
 
1. Waikar SS, Liu KD, Chertow GM. Diagnosis, epidemiology, and outcomes of acute kidney injury. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3(3): 844–861, doi: 10.2215/CJN.05191107.
2. Josephs SA, Thakar CV. Perioperative risk assessment, prevention, and treatment of acute kidney injury. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2009; 47(4): 89–105, doi: 10.1097/AIA.0b013e3181b47e98.
3. Mehta RH, Hafley GE, Gibson CM, et al. Influence of preoperative renal dysfunction on one-year bypass graft patency and two-year outcomes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008; 136(5): 1149–1155, doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.02.085.
4. Brown JR, Cochran RP, MacKenzie TA, et al. Long-term survival after cardiac surgery is predicted by estimated glomerular filtration rate. Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 86(1): 4–11, doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.03.006.
5. Najafi M, Goodarzynejad H, Karimi A, et al. Is preoperative serum creatinine a reliable indicator of outcome in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 137(2): 304–308, doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.08.001.
6. Aronson S, Fontes ML, Miao Y, et al. Risk index for perioperative renal dysfunction/failure: critical dependence on pulse pressure hypertension. Circulation 2007; 115(6): 733–742, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.623538.
7. Loutzenhiser R, Griffin K, Williamson G, et al. Renal autoregulation: new perspectives regarding the protective and regulatory roles of the underlying mechanisms. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 290(5): R1153–R1167, doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00402.2005.
8. Fontes ML, Aronson S, Mathew JP, et al. Pulse pressure and risk of adverse outcome in coronary bypass surgery. Anesth Analg 2008; 107(4): 1122–1129, doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e31816ba404.
9. Bellomo R, Auriemma S, Fabbri A, et al. The pathophysiology of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI). Int J Artif Organs 2008; 31(2): 166–178.
10. Metnitz PG, Krenn CG, Steltzer H, et al. Effect of acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy on outcome in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2002; 30(9): 2051–2058, doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000026732.62103.DF.
11. Mangano CM, Diamondstone LS, Ramsay JG, et al. Renal dysfunction after myocardial revascularization: risk factors, adverse outcomes, and hospital resource utilization. The Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128(3): 194–203.
12. Ranucci M. Hemostatic and thrombotic issues in cardiac surgery. Semin Thromb Hemost 2015; 41(1): 84–90, doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1398383.
13. Jeske WP, Walenga JM, Menapace B, et al. Blood cell microparticles as biomarkers of hemostatic abnormalities in patients with implanted cardiac assist devices. Biomark Med 2016; 10(10): 1095–1104, doi: 10.2217/bmm-2016-0150.
14. Janati M, Mahmoodi Y, Sharifian M, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of acute renal failure after cardiac surgery in Southern Iran. Iran Red Cres Med J 2010; 2010(6): 636–639.
15. Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, et al. Acute renal failure – definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care 2004; 8(4): R204–R212, doi: 10.1186/cc2872.
16. Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV, et al. Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care 2007; 11(2): R31, doi: 10.1186/cc5713.
17. Luo X, Jiang L, Du B, et al. A comparison of different diagnostic criteria of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. Crit Care 2014; 18(4): R144, doi: 10.1186/cc13977.
18. Hudson C, Hudson J, Swaminathan M, et al. Emerging concepts in acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2008; 12(4): 320–330, doi: 10.1177/1089253208328582.
19. Lameire N, Biesen WV, Vanholder R. Acute kidney injury. Lancet 2008; 372(9653): 1863–1865, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61794-8.
20. Devarajan P. Update on mechanisms of ischemic acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17(6): 1503–1520, doi: 10.1681/ASN.2006010017.
21. Parikh CR, Coca SG, Wang Y, et al. Long-term prognosis of acute kidney injury after acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168(9): 987–995, doi: 10.1001/archinte.168.9.987.
22. Chen TH, Chang CH, Lin CY, et al. Acute kidney injury biomarkers for patients in a coronary care unit: a prospective cohort study. PLoS ONE 2012; 7(2): e32328, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032328.
23. Lin CY, Tsai FC, Tian YC, et al. Evaluation of outcome scoring systems for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Ann Thorac Surg 2007; 84(4): 1256–1262, doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.05.045.
24. Nashef SA, Roques F, Michel P, et al. European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation (EuroSCORE). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1999; 16(1): 9–13.
25. O’Brien SM, Shahian DM, Filardo G, et al. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons 2008 cardiac surgery risk models: part 2-isolated valve surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 88(1 Suppl.): S23–S42, doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.05.056.
26. Ranucci M, Castelvecchio S, Menicanti L, et al. Risk of assessing mortality risk in elective cardiac operations: age, creatinine, ejection fraction, and the law of parsimony. Circulation 2009; 119(24): 3053–3061, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.842393.
27. Mehta RH, Grab JD, O’Brien SM, et al. Bedside tool for predicting the risk of postoperative dialysis in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Circulation 2006; 114(21): 2208–2216, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.635573.
28. Chertow GM, Lazarus JM, Christiansen CL, et al. Preoperative renal risk stratification. Circulation 1997; 95(4): 878–884, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.95.4.878.
29. Ryden L, Sartipy U, Evans M, et al. Acute kidney injury after coronary artery bypass grafting and long-term risk of end-stage renal disease. Circulation 2014; 130(23): 2005–2011, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010622.
30. Oezkur M, Wagner M, Weismann D, et al. Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with acute kidney injury in patients undergoing CABG surgery – a cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2015; 15: 41, doi: 10.1186/s12872-015-0028-y.
31. Theriault S, Whitlock R, Raman K, et al. Gene expression profiles for the identification of prevalent atrial fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6(7), doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.006057.
32. Jouan J, Golmard L, Benhamouda N, et al. Gene polymorphisms and cytokine plasma levels as predictive factors of complications after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 144(2): 467–473, doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.12.022.
33. Li Z, Yang F, Dunn S, et al. Platelets as immune mediators: their role in host defense responses and sepsis. Thromb Res 2011; 127(3): 184–188, doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.10.010.
34. Kornerup KN, Salmon GP, Pitchford SC, et al. Circulating platelet-neutrophil complexes are important for subsequent neutrophil activation and migration. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109(3): 758–767, doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01086.2009.
35. Lapchak PH, Kannan L, Ioannou A, et al. Platelets orchestrate remote tissue damage after mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302(8): G888–G897, doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00499.2011.
36. Singbartl K, Forlow SB, Ley K. Platelet, but not endothelial, P-selectin is critical for neutrophil-mediated acute postischemic renal failure. FASEB J 2001; 15(13): 2337–2344, doi: 10.1096/fj.01-0199com.
37. Williamson DR, Albert M, Heels-Ansdell D, et al. Thrombocytopenia in critically ill patients receiving thromboprophylaxis: frequency, risk factors, and outcomes. Chest 2013; 144(4): 1207–1215, doi: 10.1378/chest.13-0121.
38. Shehata N, Fontes ML. Thrombocytopenia in the critically ill. Can J Anaesth 2013; 60(7): 621–624, doi: 10.1007/s12630-013-9944-4.
39. Heringlake M, Schon J, Paarmann H. The kidney in critical illness: how to monitor a pivotal organ system. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2013; 27(2): 271–277, doi: 10.1016/j.bpa.2013.06.003.
40. Macedo E, Bouchard J, Soroko SH, et al. Fluid accumulation, recognition and staging of acute kidney injury in critically-ill patients. Crit Care 2010; 14(3): R82, doi: 10.1186/cc9004.
41. Najafi M. Serum creatinine role in predicting outcome after cardiac surgery beyond acute kidney injury. World J Cardiol 2014; 6(9): 1006–1021, doi: 10.4330/wjc.v6.i9.1006.
42. Bagshaw SM, Gibney RT. Conventional markers of kidney function. Crit Care Med 2008; 36(4 Suppl.): S152–S158, doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318168c613.
43. Koyner JL, Garg AX, Thiessen-Philbrook H, et al. Adjudication of etiology of acute kidney injury: experience from the TRIBE-AKI multi-center study. BMC Nephrol 2014; 15: 105, doi: 10.1186/1471-2369-15-105.
44. Boldt J, Wolf M. Identification of renal injury in cardiac surgery: the role of kidney-specific proteins. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2008; 22(1): 122–132, doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2007.10.008.
45. Bennett M, Dent CL, Ma Q, et al. Urine NGAL predicts severity of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: a prospective study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3(3): 665–673, doi: 10.2215/CJN.04010907.
46. Cruz DN, Ronco C, Katz N. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin: a promising biomarker for detecting cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 139(5): 1101–1106, doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.11.007.
47. Haase M, Bellomo R, Devarajan P, et al. Novel biomarkers early predict the severity of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery in adults. Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 88(1): 124–130, doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.04.023.
48. Ristikankare A, Poyhia R, Kuitunen A, et al. Serum cystatin C in elderly cardiac surgery patients. Ann Thorac Surg 2010; 89(3): 689–694, doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.11.018.
49. Wyckoff T, Augoustides JG. Advances in acute kidney injury associated with cardiac surgery: the unfolding revolution in early detection. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2012; 26(2): 340–345. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2012.01.001.
50. McIlroy DR, Wagener G, Lee HT. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: the effect of baseline renal function on diagnostic performance. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5(2): 211–219, doi: org/10.2215/CJN.04240609.
51. Koyner JL, Vaidya VS, Bennett MR, et al. Urinary biomarkers in the clinical prognosis and early detection of acute kidney injury. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5(12): 2154–2165, doi: 10.2215/CJN.00740110.
52. Magro M, Garg S, Serruys PW. Revascularization treatment of stable coronary artery disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011; 12(2): 195–212, doi: 10.1517/14656566.2010.517522.
53. Epstein AJ, Polsky D, Yang F, et al. Coronary revascularization trends in the United States, 2001–2008. JAMA 2011; 305(17): 1769–1776, doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.551.
54. Gocze I, Koch M, Renner P, et al. Urinary biomarkers TIMP-2 and IGFBP7 early predict acute kidney injury after major surgery. PLoS ONE 2015; 10(3): e0120863, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120863.
55. Ray P, Le Manach Y, Riou B, et al. Statistical evaluation of a biomarker. Anesthesiology 2010; 112(4): 1023–1040, doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181d47604.
56. Han WK, Waikar SS, Johnson A, et al. Urinary biomarkers in the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2008; 73(7): 863–869, doi: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002715.
57. Rosner MH, Portilla D, Okusa MD. Cardiac surgery as a cause of acute kidney injury: pathogenesis and potential therapies. J Intensive Care Med 2008; 23(1): 3–18, doi: 10.1177/0885066607309998.
58. Arora P, Kolli H, Nainani N, et al. Preventable risk factors for acute kidney injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2012; 26(4): 687–697, doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2012.03.001.
59. Seabra VF, Alobaidi S, Balk EM, et al. Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery and acute kidney injury: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5(10): 1734–1744, doi: 10.2215/CJN.02800310.
60. Benedetto U, Luciani R, Goracci M, E, et al. Miniaturized cardiopulmonary bypass and acute kidney injury in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 88(2): 529–535, doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.03.072.
61. Bolcal C, Akay HT, Bingol H, et al. Leukodepletion improves renal function in patients with renal dysfunction undergoing on-pump coronary bypass surgery: a prospective randomized study. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007; 55(2): 89–93, doi: 10.1055/s-2006-924571.
62. Chen HH, Sundt TM, Cook DJ, et al. Low dose nesiritide and the preservation of renal function in patients with renal dysfunction undergoing cardiopulmonary-bypass surgery: a double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study. Circulation 2007; 116(11 Suppl.): I134–I138, doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.697250.
63. Mentzer RM, Jr., Oz MC, Sladen RN, et al. Effects of perioperative nesiritide in patients with left ventricular dysfunction undergoing cardiac surgery: the NAPA Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49(6): 716–726, doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.10.048.
64. Dyke CM, Bhatia D, Aronson S, et al. Perioperative nesiritide and possible renal protection in patients with moderate to severe kidney dysfunction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008; 136(5): 1369–1370, doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2007.12.079.
65. Beaver TM, Winterstein AG, Shuster JJ, et al. Effectiveness of nesiritide on dialysis or all-cause mortality in patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery. Clin Cardiol 2006; 29(1): 18–24.
66. Meco M, Cirri S. The effect of various fenoldopam doses on renal perfusion in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2010; 89(2): 497–503, doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.09.071.
67. Barr LF, Kolodner K. N-acetylcysteine and fenoldopam protect the renal function of patients with chronic renal insufficiency undergoing cardiac surgery. Crit Care Med 2008; 36(5): 1427–1435. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31816f48ba.
68. Mithani S, Kuskowski M, Slinin Y, et al. Dose-dependent effect of statins on the incidence of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 91(2): 520–525, doi 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.10.061.
69. Bolesta S, Uhrin LM, Guzek JR. Preoperative statins and acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: utilization of a consensus definition of acute kidney injury. Ann Pharmacother 2011; 45(1): 23–30, doi: 10.1345/aph.1P384.
70. Patel NN, Rogers CA, Angelini GD, et al. Pharmacological therapies for the prevention of acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery: a systematic review. Heart Fail Rev 2011; 16(6): 553–567, doi: 10.1007/s10741-011-9235-5.
71. Stallwood MI, Grayson AD, Mills K, et al. Acute renal failure in coronary artery bypass surgery: independent effect of cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 77(3): 968–972, doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2003.09.063.
72. Olsson D, Sartipy U, Braunschweig F, et al. Acute kidney injury following coronary artery bypass surgery and long-term risk of heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2013; 6(1): 83–90, doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.971705.
73. Chen SW, Chang CH, Fan PC, et al. Comparison of contemporary preoperative risk models at predicting acute kidney injury after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2016; 6(6): e010176, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010176.
74. Kertai MD, Zhou S, Karhausen JA, et al. Platelet counts, acute kidney injury, and mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Anesthesiology 2016; 124(2): 339–352, doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000959.
75. Garg AX, Devereaux PJ, Yusuf S, et al. Kidney function after off-pump or on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014; 311(21): 2191–2198, doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.4952.
76. Kellum JA, Lameire N, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of acute kidney injury: a KDIGO summary (Part 1). Crit Care 2013; 17(1): 204, doi: org/10.1186/cc11454.
77. Conlon PJ, Stafford-Smith M, White WD, et al. Acute renal failure following cardiac surgery. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14(5): 1158–1162.
78. Andersson LG, Ekroth R, Bratteby LE, et al. Acute renal failure after coronary surgery – a study of incidence and risk factors in 2009 consecutive patients. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 41(4): 237–241, doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1013861.
79. Corwin HL, Sprague SM, DeLaria GA, et al. Acute renal failure associated with cardiac operations. A case-control study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1989; 98(6): 1107–1112.
80. Gamoso MG, Phillips-Bute B, Landolfo KP, et al. Off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery and postoperative renal dysfunction. Anesth Analg 2000; 91(5): 1080–1084, doi: 10.1213/00000539-200011000-00007.
81. Lo LJ, Go AS, Chertow GM, et al. Dialysis-requiring acute renal failure increases the risk of progressive chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2009; 76(8): 893–899, doi: 10.1038/ki.2009.289.
82. Rosner MH, Okusa MD. Acute kidney injury associated with cardiac surgery. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 1(1): 19–32, doi: 10.2215/CJN.00240605.
83. Basile DP. The endothelial cell in ischemic acute kidney injury: implications for acute and chronic function. Kidney Int 2007; 72(2): 151–156, doi: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002312.
84. Siew ED, Peterson JF, Eden SK, et al. Outpatient nephrology referral rates after acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23(2): 305–312, doi: 10.1681/ASN.2011030315.
85. James MT, Ghali WA, Tonelli M, et al. Acute kidney injury following coronary angiography is associated with a long-term decline in kidney function. Kidney Int 2010; 78(8): 803–809, doi: 10.1038/ki.2010.258.
86. Patel NC, Grayson AD, Jackson M, et al. The effect off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery on in-hospital mortality and morbidity. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2002; 22(2): 255–260, doi: 10.1016/S1010-7940(02)00301-9.
Copyright: © 2021 Family Medicine & Primary Care Review. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
 
Quick links
© 2024 Termedia Sp. z o.o.
Developed by Bentus.