Melanocytes are not only unique melanin-producing cells, but also immunocompetent cells, which are considered as important components of the skin immune system. Stimulated melanocytes can express MHC molecules and immunologically important surface markers. Additionally, they are capable of processing and presenting antigens to T cells. In response to stress, they secrete proinflammatory cytokines, growth factors and other inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide. On the other hand, the mediators can directly affect melanocyte functions and may be involved in the altered melanin production associated with hypo- or hyperpigmentation. Exploration of the immunologic functions of melanocytes will allow a better understanding about the pathomechanism of pigmentary disorders, especially those of inflammatory nature.