1. Braish J, Cerchione C, Ferrajoli A. An overview of prognostic markers in patients with CLL. Front Oncol 2024; 14: 1371057.
2.
Hallek M, Al-Sawaf O. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 2022 update on diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Am J Hematol 2021; 96: 1679-1705.
3.
Mukkamalla SKR, Taneja A, Malipeddi D, Master SR. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In StatPearls Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing 2024. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470433/ (accessed: 2405.2024).
4.
Gine E, Martinez A, Villamor N, López-Guillermo A, Camos M, Martinez D, et al. Expanded and highly active proliferation centers identify a histological subtype of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (“accelerated” chronic lymphocytic leukemia) with aggressive clinical behavior. Haematologica 2010; 95: 1526-1533.
5.
Rawstron AC, Kreuzer K-A, Soosapilla A, Spacek M, Stehlikova O, Gambell P, et al. Reproducible diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia by flow cytometry: an European Research Initiative on CLL (ERIC) & European Society for Clinical Cell Analysis (ESCCA) Harmonisation project. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2018; 94: 121-128.
6.
Campo E, Jaffe ES, Cook JR, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Swerdlow SH, Anderson KC, et al. The International Consensus Classification of Mature Lymphoid Neoplasms: a report from the Clinical Advisory Committee. Blood 2022; 140: 1229-1253.
7.
Bosch F, Dalla-Favera R. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: from genetics to treatment. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 16: 684-701.
8.
Yoshino T, Tanaka T, Sato Y. Differential diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma and other indolent lymphomas, including mantle cell lymphoma. J Clin Exp Hematop 2020; 60: 124-129. 9.
9.
Nisticò N, Maisano D, Iaccino E, Vecchio E, Fiume G, Rotundo S, et al. Role of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)-derived exosomes in tumor progression and survival. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13: 244.
10.
Zarobkiewicz M, Kowalska W, Chocholska S, Tomczak W, Szymańska A, Morawska I, et al. High M-MDSC percentage as a negative prognostic factor in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12: 2614.
11.
El Hussein S, Chen P, Medeiros LJ, Hazle JD, Wu J, Khoury JD. Artificial intelligence-assisted mapping of proliferation centers allows the distinction of accelerated phase from large cell transformation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Mod Pathol 2022; 35: 1121-1125.
12.
Petrackova A, Turcsanyi P, Papajik T, Kriegova E. Revisiting Richter transformation in the era of novel CLL agents. Blood Rev 2021; 49: 100824.
13.
Sigmund AM, Kittai AS. Richter’s transformation. Curr Oncol Rep 2022; 24: 1081-1090.
14.
Rossi D, Spina V, Gaidano G. Biology and treatment of Richter syndrome. Blood 2018; 131: 2761-2772.
15.
Innocenti I, Benintende G, Tomasso A, Fresa A, Autore F, Larocca LM, et al. Richter transformation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hematol Oncol 2023; 41: 293-300.
16.
El Hussein S, Medeiros LJ, Lyapichev KA, Fang H, Jelloul FZ, Fiskus W, et al. Immunophenotypic and genomic landscape of Richter transformation diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Pathology 2023; 55: 514-524.
17.
Strati P, Abruzzo LV, Wierda WG, O’Brien S, Ferrajoli A, Keating MJ. Second cancers and Richter transformation are the leading causes of death in patients with trisomy 12 chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk 2015; 15: 420-427.
18.
Sanam Loghavi, Kamran Mirza, Amy Wang, Sonali M. Smith. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. Pathologist 2020. Available at: https://thepathologist.com/subspecialties/chronic-lymphocytic-leukemia/small-lymphocytic-lymphoma (accessed: 24.05.2024).
19.
Kmira Z, Noura BY, Wafa C, Nesrine BS, Dorra C, Walid B, et al. A rare entity of accelerated chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report of two cases and review of literature. Health 2023; 15: 861-870.
20.
Vadasz B, Zak T, Aldinger J, Sukhanova M, Gao J, Wolniak KL, et al. “Accelerated” chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL): unraveling the biological gray zone of CLL/SLL in the era of novel therapies. Virchows Arch 2024; 486: 739-750.
21.
Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, Caligaris-Cappio F, Dighiero G, Döhner H, et al. iwCLL guidelines for diagnosis, indications for treatment, response assessment, and supportive management of CLL. Blood 2018; 131: 2745-2760.
22.
Falchi L, Keating MJ, Marom EM, Truong MT, Schlette EJ, Sargent RL, et al. Correlation between FDG/PET, histology, characteristics, and survival in 332 patients with chronic lymphoid leukemia. Blood 2014; 123: 2783-2790.
23.
Sośnia O, Iskierka-Jażdżewska E, Puła A, Wiśniewski K, Drozd- Sokołowska J, Morawska M, et al. Accelerated chronic lymphocytic leukemia – characteristics and retrospective analysis of the Polish Adult Leukemia Study Group. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2025; 29: 28-35.
24.
Zenz T, Eichhorst B, Busch R, Denzel T, Häbe S, Winkler D, et al. TP53 mutation and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 4473-4479.
25.
Liu YC, Margolskee E, Allan JN, Mathew S, Bhavsar E, Casano J, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia with TP53 gene alterations: a detailed clinicopathologic analysis. Mod Pathol 2020; 33: 344-
26.
Jafari E, Didehban S, Hosseini A, Khorasani P. Evaluation of the findings of peripheral blood smear, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, iron storage, and immunophenotype in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Iran J Pathol 2024; 19: 152-159.
27.
Zhou ZY, Dai LMJ, Sha YQ, Qiu TL, Qin SC, Miao Y, et al. [Clinical and molecular biological characterization of patients with accelerated chronic lymphocytic leukemia]. Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi 2023; 44: 917-923.
28.
Sorigue M, Junca J. Atypical chronic lymphocytic leukemia: brief historical overview and current usage of an equivocal concept. Int J Lab Hematology 2019; 41: e17-e19.
29.
Marionneaux S, Maslak P, Keohane EM. Morphologic identification of atypical chronic lymphocytic leukemia by digital microscopy. Int J Lab Hematol 2014; 36: 459-464.
30.
Matutes E, Attygalle A, Wotherspoon A, Catovsky D. Diagnostic issues in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2010; 23: 3-20.
31.
Ibrahim F, Al Sabbagh A, Amer A, Soliman DS, Al Sabah H. Composite chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma; small cell variant: a real diagnostic challenge. Case presentation and review of literature. Am J Case Rep 2020; 21: e921131.
32.
Xie J, Jang A, Vegel A, Hajja Y, Hajja Y, Mouawad Y, Baghian A, , et al. Successful treatment of “accelerated” chronic lymphocytic leukemia with single agent ibrutinib: a report of two cases. Leuk Res Rep 2021; 15: 100247.
33.
NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. Version 2.2025. Available from: https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/cll.pdf (accessed: 01.03.2025).
34.
Schmid C, Isaacson PG. Proliferation centres in B-cell malignant lymphoma, lymphocytic (B-CLL): an immunophenotypic study. Histopathology 1994; 24: 445-451.
35.
Damle RN, Ghiotto F, Valetto A, Albesiano E, Fais F, Yan XJ, et al. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells express a surface membrane phenotype of activated, antigen-experienced B lymphocytes. Blood 2002; 99: 4087-4093.
36.
Granziero L, Ghia P, Circosta P, Gottardi D, Strola G, Geuna M, et al. Survivin is expressed on CD40 stimulation and interfaces proliferation and apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2001; 97: 2777-2783.
37.
Urbaniak M, Iskierka-Jażdżewska E, Majchrzak A, Robak T. Atypical immunophenotype of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Acta Haematol Pol 2022; 53: 48-52.
38.
Robak T, Krawczyńska A, Cebula-Obrzut B, Urbaniak M, Iskierka- Jażdżewska E, Robak P. Atypical chronic lymphocytic leukemia – the current status. Cancers 2023; 15: 4427.
39.
Polyatskin IL, Artemyeva AS, Krivolapov YA. [Revised WHO classification of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, 2017 (4th ed.): lymphoid tumors]. Arkh Patol 2019; 81: 59-65.
40.
Garces S, Khoury JD, Kanagal-Shamanna R, Salem A, Wang SA, Young Ok C, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia with proliferation centers in bone marrow is associated with younger age at initial presentation, complex karyotype, and TP53 disruption. Hum Pathol 2018; 82: 215-231.
41.
Ciccone M, Agostinelli C, Rigolin GM, Piccaluga PP, Cavazzini F, Righi S, et al. Proliferation centers in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: correlation with cytogenetic and clinicobiological features in consecutive patients analyzed on tissue microarrays. Leukemia 2012; 26: 499-508.
42.
Döhner H, Stilgenbauer S, Benner A, Leupolt E, Kröber A, Bullinger L, et al. Genomic aberrations and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1910-1916.
43.
Buccheri V, Barreto WG, Fogliatto LM, Capra M, Marchiani M, Rocha V. Prognostic and therapeutic stratification in CLL: focus on 17p deletion and p53 mutation. Ann Hematol 2018; 97: 2269-2278.
44.
Furman RR, Sharman JP, Coutre SE, Cheson BD, Pagel JM, Hil- lmen P, et al. Idelalisib and rituximab in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 997-1007.
45.
Beà S, López-Guillermo A, Ribas M, Puig X, Pinyol M, Carrió A, et al. Genetic imbalances in progressed b-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and transformed large-cell lymphoma (Richter’s syndrome). Am J Pathol 2002; 161: 957-968.
46.
Nadeu F, Royo R, Massoni-Badosa R, Playa-Albinyana H, Garcia- Torre B, Duran-Ferrer M, et al. Detection of early seeding of Richter transformation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Nat Med 2022; 28: 1662-1671.
47.
Fabbri G, Khiabanian H, Holmes AB, Wang J, Messina M, Mulli- ghan CG, et al. Genetic lesions associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia transformation to Richter syndrome. J Exp Med 2013; 210: 2273-2288.
48.
Chigrinova E, Rinaldi A, Kwee I, Rossi D, Rancoita PMV, Stref- ford JC, et al. Two main genetic pathways lead to the transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia to Richter syndrome. Blood 2013; 122: 2673-2682.
49.
Wang Y, Tschautscher MA, Rabe KG, Call TG, Leis JF, Kenderian SS, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of Richter transformation: experience of 204 patients from a single center. Haematologica 2020; 105: 765-773.
50.
Mao Z, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Raffeld M, Richter M, Krugmann J, Burek C, et al. IgVH mutational status and clonality analysis of Richter’s transformation: diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma in association with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) represent 2 different pathways of disease evolution. Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31: 1605-1614.
51.
Timár B, Fülöp Z, Csernus B, Angster C, Bognár A, Szepesi A, et al. Relationship between the mutational status of VH genes and pathogenesis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in Richter’s syndrome. Leukemia 2004; 18: 326-330.
52.
Rossi D, Cerri M, Capello D, Deambrogi C, Rossi FM, Zucchetto A, et al. Biological and clinical risk factors of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia transformation to Richter syndrome. Br J Haematol 2008; 142: 202-215.
53.
Märklin M, Heitmann JS, Fuchs AR, Truckenmüller FM, Gutknecht M, Bugl S, et al. NFAT2 is a critical regulator of the anergic phenotype in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Nat Commun 2017; 8: 755.
54.
Moore ME, Aguilera NS, Obiorah I, Williams E, Courville E. Assessment for acceleration and transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma using histologic and immunohistochemical features: a case series. J Hematop 2024; 17: 139-147.
55.
Horna P, Pearce KE, Ketterling RP, Shi M, Peterson JF. Recurrent chromosomal abnormalities in tissues involved by chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2022; 157: 286-292.
56.
Flanagan MB, Sathanoori M, Surti U, Soma L, Swerdlow SH. Cytogenetic abnormalities detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization on paraffin-embedded chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma lymphoid tissue biopsy specimens. Am J Clin Pathol 2008; 130: 620-627.
57.
Hjortholm N, Jaddini E, Hałaburda K, Snarski E. Strategies of pain reduction during the bone marrow biopsy. Ann Hematol 2013; 92: 145-149.
58.
Hernández-García MT, Hernández-Nieto L, Pérez-González E, Brito-Barroso ML. Bone marrow trephine biopsy: anterior superior iliac spine versus posterior superior iliac spine. Clin Lab Haematol 1993; 15: 15-19.
59.
Steinke B. [Complications after bone marrow biopsy]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1992; 117: 1003-1004.
60.
Puła B, Braun M, Iskierka-Jażdżewska E, Sośnia O, Prochorec- Sobieszek M, Hus I, et al. Accelerated chronic lymphocytic leukemia – expert opinion on diagnosis and management. Acta Haematol Pol 2025; 56: 415-421.
61.
El Hussein S, Chen P, Medeiros LJ, Wistuba II, Jaffray D, Wu J, et al. Artificial intelligence strategy integrating morphologic and architectural biomarkers provides robust diagnostic accuracy for disease progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Pathol 2022; 256: 4-14.
62.
Chen P, Hussein SE, Xing F, Aminu M, Kannapiran A, Hazle JD, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia progression diagnosis with intrinsic cellular patterns via unsupervised clustering. Cancers 2022; 14: 2398.
63.
Danilov AV, Persky DO. Incorporating acalabrutinib, a selective next-generation Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor, into clinical practice for the treatment of haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol 2021; 193: 15-25. 64.
64.
Fischer K, Al-Sawaf O, Bahlo J, Fink AM, Tandon M, Dixon M, et al. Venetoclax and obinutuzumab in patients with CLL and coexisting conditions. N Engl J Med 2019; 380: 2225-2236.
65.
Fischer K, Bahlo J, Fink AM, Goede V, Herling CD, Cramer P, et al. Long-term remissions after FCR chemoimmunotherapy in previously untreated patients with CLL: updated results of the CLL8 trial. Blood 2016; 127: 208-215.
66.
Stilgenbauer S, Schnaiter A, Paschka P, Zenz T, Rossi M, Döhner K, et al. Gene mutations and treatment outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: results from the CLL8 trial. Blood 2014; 123: 3247-3254.
67.
Rossi D, Terzi-di-Bergamo L, De Paoli L, Cerri M, Ghilardi G, Chiarenza A, et al. Molecular prediction of durable remission after first-line fludarabine-cyclophosphamide-rituximab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2015; 126: 1921-1924.
68.
Yavorkovsky LL. Atypical “accelerated” chronic lymphocytic leukemia with abnormal lymphocyte chromatin clumping, bone involvement, and exceptional response to Imbruvica. Cancer Rep 2022; 5: e1601.
69.
Catania G, Tavarozzi R, Pini GM, Borra T, Gandolfo C, Zacchi G, et al. The role of Bruton’s kinase inhibitors (BTKi) in accelerated chro- nic lymphocytic leukemia (a-CLL): a case of successful response to acalabrutinib. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2023; 34: 401-404.
70.
Robak E, Jesionek-Kupnicka D, Stelmach P, Kupnicki P, Szataniak M, Robak T. Leukemia cutis in accelerated chronic lymphocytic leukemia: successful treatment with venetoclax and rituximab. Ann Hematol 2022; 101: 1387-1392.
