Access to healthcare in Central and Eastern European countries remains a complex and crucial issue, and despite the ongoing improvement of healthcare systems in the European Union, inequalities in access and quality of care persist. This article analyses the sources of these inequalities, paying attention to financial constraints, availability of services, place of residence and social factors such as education, gender and stigmatization. It indicates that socio-economic status and living in rural areas significantly increase vulnerability to health threats, delays in treatment and financial difficulties, especially in the case of chronic and oncological diseases. It discusses the effects of underfunding of healthcare systems, shortages of medical staff and infrastructure deficits, which most affect the poorest groups. Conclusions are presented regarding the need for integrated policy reforms, taking into account both systemic and social determinants, including investments in infrastructure, improving communication with patients, economic protection of patients and increasing the level of health literacy. Such actions are necessary to reduce inequalities, ensure equal access to care and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.