eISSN: 2081-2841
ISSN: 1689-832X
Journal of Contemporary Brachytherapy
Current Issue Archive Supplements Articles in Press Journal Information Aims and Scope Editorial Office Editorial Board Register as Author Register as Reviewer Instructions for Authors Abstracting and indexing Subscription Advertising Information Links
Editorial System
Submit your Manuscript
SCImago Journal & Country Rank

4/2020
vol. 12
 
Share:
Share:
Original paper

Iodine-125 seed implantation treatment of lung metastases < 2.5 cm using 5-ml syringe as a guide

Jie Li
1
,
Lijuan Zhang
2
,
Zongqiong Sun
3
,
Yuxi Ge
3
,
Jialiang Zhou
4
,
Qigen Xie
1

1.
Department of Intervention, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University (Wuxi Fourth People’s Hospital), China
2.
Department of Radiology, Wuxi People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, China
3.
Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University (Wuxi Fourth People’s Hospital), China
4.
Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University (Wuxi Fourth People’s Hospital), China
J Contemp Brachytherapy 2020; 12, 4: 335–342
Online publish date: 2020/08/21
Article file
- Iodine-125 seed.pdf  [0.54 MB]
Get citation
 
 

Purpose

Secondary lung tumors (or lung metastases) are common lung malignant lesions, with a frequency of 30-55% of all cancer patients [1,2]. Primary cancers, which have the potential to metastasize to the lungs include bladder cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, sarcoma, Wilms tumor, and neuroblastoma [1,2].

There are currently no uniform guidelines in clinical practice for addressing small pulmonary metastases. Surgery of lung metastases is indicated only in highly selected cases, in whom a curative intent is possible without damaging lung function [2,3,4,5]. Unfortunately, lung metastases are rarely solitary, and multiple metastatic tumors in the lungs often occur at the same time. In these cases, systemic treatments or radiation therapy are more often indicated [6,7,8,9], but the use of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is also limited due to radiation lung damage [10]. On the other hand, iodine-125 (125I) seed implantation (ISI) treatment can be administered repeatedly, since the local control rate is good and the treatment can prolong the survival of patients with lung metastasis [11,12]. Especially in the case where lung metastasis is very small, and detection and treatment occur in a timely manner, it is easy to achieve a complete response (CR) [13]. Because early-detected metastases are small, the amount of seeds used is small, and radiation-induced lung injury is minimal [13].

Direct needle puncture can be challenging due to the relatively small size of the lesions and their non-stationary positioning due to lung movement during respiration. Computed tomography (CT)-guided transthoracic needle biopsy is recommended for tissue biopsy of pulmonary lesions < 2 cm [14]. A meta-analysis found that the rate of major complications is low in a CT-guided lung biopsy, but the risk increases with lesion size decreasing [15,16,17,18].

Accurate puncture can reduce trauma to lung tissue and accelerate patient recovery. In our clinical work, we found that the use of a local anesthesia syringe as a guide improves the accuracy of the puncture method. In our hospital, 2% lidocaine is used for local anesthesia, with a 5-ml injection dose before CT-ISI is performed. After local anesthesia, the 5-ml syringe is not pulled out immediately but left at the site of local anesthesia. The small lesion in the lung is then co-located with this body surface marker. This is not only helpful to select the best puncture point, but also can provide a guide for the direction of the puncture needle. When larger syringes (such as 10 and 15 ml) are retained at the site of local anesthesia, the direction of the needle tip will be deviated due to gravity, which cannot provide an accurate guide for the implantation direction of the puncture needle.

The aim of the present study was to present our experience with the technique of using a local anesthesia 5-ml syringe as a guide for CT-ISI puncture. This could provide a simple method to improve the outcomes of CT-ISI of small lung lesions and avoid complications.

Material and methods

Study design and patients

This was a retrospective study of patients with small metastatic tumors in lungs treated with CT-ISI between December 2013 and March 2018 at the Department of Interventional Radiology of the Affiliated Hospital of the University. This retrospective study was approved by the ethics committee of the Affiliated Hospital of the University. The use of patient information was approved by our institutional review board, which waived a requirement for patient informed consent.

The inclusion criteria were: 1. Highly suspected diagnosis of metastatic tumors in the lung based on patients’ history of cancer and on clinical, imaging, and/or pathological characteristics of the lesions; 2. CT-ISI performed; 3. The largest diameter of lesions < 2.5 cm; and 4. Complete clinical data.

The exclusion criteria were: 1. Emphysema or a large lung bubble near the metastasis; 2. Unstable cardiorespiratory function, blood coagulation disorder, or active infection; or 3. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) ≥ 3.

Grouping

The patients were divided into two groups: a group where a 5-ml syringe was used as a guide during CT-ISI and a group, where this technique was not applied.

CT-ISI

The radioactivity of 125I seeds (CIAE-6711; Chinese Atomic Science Institution, Beijing, China) used in this study was 2.59 × 107 Bq. The ISI treatment plan system (TPS; KL-SIRPS-3D) and gun-type implantation device were from the Institute of Medical Science and Technology (Beijing, China). Disposable 5-ml syringes and 18-G puncture needles (Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN, USA) were applied for local infiltration anesthesia and puncture. Lung lesions were scanned by CT at 3-mm intervals, using a 64-slice CT scanner (Siemens, Germany) for intraoperative and post-operative follow-up.

One radiation physicist and two interventional radiologists generated treatment plan (TP) for each pulmonary metastasis using TPS, in order to determine the number of seeds to be implanted and the ideal implantation location. The planning target volume was defined as 0.5 cm of expansion external to the gross tumor volume. The prescribed dose was 135 Gy, which was chosen based on our previous studies [12,13]. Local anesthesia was administered with a 5-ml syringe (2% lidocaine; Yimin, Yichang, China) at the body surface location marker (Figures 1A,B, 2A, and 3A). An 18-G needle was then punctured into the pulmonary metastasis with or without the 5-ml syringe as a guide (Figures 1C-F, 2B,C, and 3B-D) and the 125I seeds were implanted (Figures 2D and 3E). As in our previous study, the seeds were placed 0.5-0.8 cm apart in line with the TPS to the best possible extent. According to the manufacturer’s instructions, the seed radiotherapy treatment radius of 125I is about 1 cm. Thus, for lesions ≤ 1 cm, the entire lesion can be fully included in the treatment range, even if the lesion is only punctured at the edge. For larger lesions, if the puncture location cannot fully cover the lesion, the puncture is considered failure and must be performed again, after adjusting the position or path of the puncture needle. Post-implantation dose verification was performed to verify the therapeutic dose according to the TPS and assessment of peripheral tissue (bronchial and vascular) damage. A D90 (dose contains 90% of the target volume) value of > 135 Gy at the last implantation was regarded as successful.

Fig. 1

Treatment of pancreatic cancer lung metastasis by 125I seed implantation, using a 5-ml syringe as a guide. According to the body surface localization of the 5-ml syringe used for local anesthesia and after the computed tomography (CT) scan, the 5-ml syringe was found to be near the lung metastasis (diameter of 1 cm) in three layers (layer thickness of 3 mm). Then, according to the syringe as the selection, an 18-G needle was used to access the lesion at first try to deliver the seeds. A, B) The fine white arrow indicates the body surface marker. The broad arrow shows the lung metastasis, C, D) The fine white arrow indicates the 5-ml syringe used as a guide, E, F) The broad arrow shows the 18-G needle punctured into the lung metastasis

/f/fulltexts/JCB/41564/JCB-12-41564-g001_min.jpg
Fig. 2

A 60-year-old male underwent regular chemotherapy when pulmonary metastases were found 3 years after surgery for gastric adenocarcinoma. Then, he underwent repeated local seed implantation. A) The body surface marker. B) A 5-ml syringe was left at the site of local anesthesia. C) An 18-G needle was punctured into the pulmonary metastasis. D) The implantation was completed

/f/fulltexts/JCB/41564/JCB-12-41564-g002_min.jpg
Fig. 3

A 70-year-old female underwent regular chemotherapy when pulmonary metastases were found 2 years after surgery for rectal carcinoma. She underwent local seeds implantation due to recurrent pulmonary metastases. A) The body surface marker. B) A 5-ml syringe was left as a guide after local anesthesia. C, D) An 18-G needle was punctured into the lesion. E) Seeds were implanted. F) The lesion disappeared and only a seed remained at 1 month after the implantation

/f/fulltexts/JCB/41564/JCB-12-41564-g003_min.jpg

Follow-up and evaluation of clinical effectiveness

Patients were monitored using continuous electrocardiogram for 6 hours after the implantation, with appropriate symptomatic treatment for chest tightness, chest pain, blood in sputum, vomiting, fever, etc. Generally, the patients were discharged within 2 days after implantation. The final follow-up was on March 31st, 2018. The follow-up time was calculated from the first-ever treatment of pulmonary metastases with CT-ISI to the last follow-up or death. Chest CT enhancement examinations were used to evaluate the maximum diameter of the metastatic pulmonary lesions (Figure 3F), to screen for new lesions, and to assess radiation-induced lung injury at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after CT-ISI. The local control rate of pulmonary metastases was calculated independently by three radiologists, according to the modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (m-RECIST) [19]. The response rate (RR) was determined by the sum of the complete response (CR) and partial response (PR) rates. Radiation lung injury was evaluated according to the National Cancer Institute’s Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0 (CTCAE 4.0) [20].

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables were expressed as means ± standard deviations (SD) and were analyzed using the Student’s t-test. Categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages and were analyzed using the χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. Two-sided p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. GraphPad Prism, version 5 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) was used for statistical analysis.

Results

Tumor characteristics

Nineteen patients were included into the study and Table 1 presents their characteristics. They had a total of 50 small (< 2.5 cm) lung lesions, with 2.6 ±2.2 (range, 1-10) metastases per patient. The lesion size was 1.6 ±0.4 cm. The mean time between diagnosis by CT scan of the primary tumor and the first discovery of pulmonary metastasis was 12.7 ±4.8 (range, 8-21) months. Also, three patients had liver metastasis and two had bone metastasis.

Table 1

Characteristics of the patients with small lung metastasis treated with CT-ISI

Patient characteristicsAll (N = 19)With syringe (n = 11)Without syringe (n = 8)p-value
Males (%)12 (63.2)9 (81.8)3 (37.5)0.048
Age (years)56.1 ±16.758.0 ±10.253.5 ±23.60.578
Primary tumor, n (%)7.827
Hepatocellular carcinoma7 (36.8)6 (54.6)1 (12.5)
Colorectal adenocarcinoma5 (26.3)2 (18.2)3 (37.5)
Ovarian cancer3 (15.8)1 (9.1)2 (25.0)
Hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma1 (5.3)01 (12.5)
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma1 (5.3)1 (9.1)0
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma1 (5.3)01 (12.5)
Synovial sarcoma1 (5.3)1 (9.1)0
Treatment history, n (%)
Local excision13 (68.4)9 (81.8)6 (75.0)0.718
Chemotherapy19 (100.0)11 (100.0)8 (100.0)1.000
Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization13 (68.4)9 (81.8)4 (50.0)0.141
Radiotherapy5 (26.3)1 (9.1)4 (50.0)0.079
Time of first pulmonary metastasis (months)12.7 ±4.812.4 ±4.613.3 ±5.30.703
Lesion size (cm)1.6 ±0.41.7 ±0.51.6 ±0.40.744
Number of lesions2.6 ±2.22.6 ±2.52.8 ±1.80.849
Follow-up time (months)14.5 ±6.013.3 ±5.616.1 ±6.50.323

CT-ISI

CT-ISI was performed 37 times in those 19 patients, with 2.3 ±0.7 punctures (range, 1-5) per lesion. A total of 840 seeds were used, with 44.2 ±33.6 (range, 10-160) seeds per patient. The mean D90 for CT-ISI was 134.5 ±7.5 Gy (Table 2).

Table 2

Puncture results

ParameterAllWith syringeWithout syringep-value
D90 (Gy)134.5 ±7.5135.9 ±6.5132.6 ±8.80.362
Number of implanted seeds44.2 ±33.644.6 ±42.043.8 ±19.20.961
Number of punctures per lesion2.3 ±0.71.9 ±0.52.9 ±0.6< 0.001

Use of the 5-ml syringe to guide metastasis access

Treatment intervention for eleven patients was performed using a 5-ml syringe as a guide during CT-ISI (median, 2; range, 1-5 times) in 28 lung metastases. Eight patients received treatment without the 5-ml syringe during CT-ISI (median, 2; range, 1-4 times) in 22 lung metastases. There were no differences between the two groups regarding the characteristics of patients (Table 1), except that the syringe group had a higher frequency of males. There were no differences in total dose and number of implanted seeds between the two groups, but the number of punctures per lesion was lower in the syringe group than in the no-syringe group (1.9 ±0.5 vs. 2.9 ±0.6, p < 0.001), suggesting a higher puncture accuracy.

Complications

All patients tolerated the procedures well. No CT-ISI- related deaths occurred, and no patient needed premature procedure termination. Only one patient treated without a 5-ml syringe experienced grade 2 chest tightness, chest pain, intraoperative needle tract bleeding, and post-operative blood in sputum. All complications were mild to moderate and required only symptomatic treatment (Table 3).

Table 3

Complications with or without the 5-ml syringe as a guide for CT-ISI treatment of small lung metastasis (based on the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0.)

Complications (grade 1/2), n (%)With syringeWithout syringe
Intraoperative chest tightness1 (9.1)3 (37.5)
Intraoperative chest pain1 (9.1)3 (37.5)
Intraoperative bleedinga03 (37.5)
Post-operative blood in sputum1 (9.1)4 (50.0)
Post-operative fever1 (9.1)1 (12.5)
Post-operative vomiting1 (9.1)1 (12.5)
Seed migration00
Radiation-induced lung injury2 (18.2)3 (37.5)
Puncture-related complications3 (27.3)6 (75.0)

a Including massive bleeding and needle tract bleeding

Follow-up

The median follow-up period was 13 months, ranging from 8 to 27 months. During follow-up, four patients died, one patient was lost to follow-up, and 14 survived. One patient in the no-syringe group experienced subcutaneous tumor implants, considered to result from multiple punctures. All the CT-ISI in the SMTIL were well-controlled at 6 months follow-up (RR 100%, see Table 4). In the first month of follow-up, there were 8 SMTIL that only reached PR according to m-RECIST criteria. In the 3rd and 6th months of follow-up, there were still 5 metastases meeting criteria for PR, likely related to relatively large lesion size (≥ 2 cm), insufficient 125I seed arrangement, or local dose correlation. The RR at 1, 3, and 6 months after the CT-ISI procedure was 100% in the 50 targeted tumors (Table 4).

Table 4

Local control for 50 SMTIL treated with CT-ISI

Duration of follow-up (months)aLocal controlRR (CR + PR/total)
CRPRSDPD
142800100%
345500100%
645500100%

a Time from initial CT-ISI therapy, CR – complete response, PR – partial response, SD – stable disease, PD – progressive disease, RR – response rate

Discussion

Small lung metastases move with respiration, making localization difficult, and often increasing the number of punctures for access. Accurate puncture can reduce trauma to lung tissue and accelerate patient’s recovery [15,16,17,18]. The objective of the present study was to present our experience with the technique of using a local anesthesia 5-ml syringe as a guide for CT-ISI. The results suggest that puncture with a 5-ml syringe as a guide during CT-ISI is probably a more accurate option for patients with small (< 2.5 cm) lung metastasis.

Stage IV cancer is incurable, but highly selected cases may undergo surgery of isolated lung metastasis [2,3,4,5,21,22]. Unfortunately, lung metastases are usually small and multiple, and generally do not have obvious clinical symptoms [1,2]. Small asymptomatic lung metastases may be simply followed, and more aggressive options can be maintained for symptom control once the lesions become symptomatic [6,7,8,9,23]. Systemic therapy and radiotherapy can be used for lesion control [6,7,8,9]. During the treatment of metastases with SBRT, the risk of radiation-induced lung injury is higher than ISI, the mean lung doses in ISI were significantly lower than those in SBRT (1.952 ±0.713 vs. 5.618 ±2.009 Gy, p < 0.0001) [10]. Percutaneous ablation, with using either radiofrequency or ICI, may reduce patient’s treatment load and provide good outcomes [12,13,24,25,26].

Based on our previous studies, pulmonary metastases of 1-2 cm in size can be diagnosed and located in the lungs, and patients are able to tolerate the treatment [12,13]. In particular, when 125I seed implantation is utilized, the general arrangement of 10-20 seeds can achieve local CR. The treatment does not require central location of the lesion to be directly targeted and based on the 1 cm effective range of 125I seeds, local accumulation of seeds covering the lung metastasis can achieve adequate radiation doses. Nevertheless, access to small lesions (< 2.5 cm) is prone to failure, but the methods for an accurate positioning of the needle access are limited. Penetrating directly through the rib into the lesion for seed implantation is contrary to the intention of minimally invasive therapy, and we do not recommend this approach; in our study, puncture-related complications rated as only grades 1 or 2 (Table 3) [27]. Computed tomography fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous 125I seed implantation has been studied, but it is advisable to apply this approach cautiously for small lesions < 2.5 cm [28]. Novel 3D-printing template technologies can be used to guide the puncture and solve the problems of continuous respiration-associated movements of the lungs [29,30,31], but it requires printing systems, a CAD software, and the ability/experience to use them.

Iodine-125 seed implantation is often carried out under local anesthesia, and it is difficult to locate small lesions in the lungs during respiration. Han et al. [32] were the firsts to use a puncture needle to localize the tumors during CT-ISI for the treatment of primary lung cancer. We further improved this technique by using a conventional surface marker combined with CT scan line positioning. When a 5-ml syringe was used for local anesthesia, the syringe was inserted in the direction of metastasis and placed on the skin, followed by a CT scan to determine the location of metastasis. While using a local anesthesia syringe as a guide, the ISI puncture needle can more easily access the target metastasis regardless of lung movement. Moreover, the syringe can assist in anchoring the small metastases, reducing the degree of small metastases movement.

In the present study, the use of the syringe led to a smaller number of punctures per lesions to achieve a successful ISI. Because the average number of punctures was lower, the procedure-related complications for the syringe was smaller than in the no-syringe group. Most of the complications were grade 1. The only patient with grade 2 complications was in the no-syringe group, but this observation is unreliable and cannot be used in the conclusion. One patient in the no-syringe group experienced subcutaneous tumor implants, which was considered to result from multiple punctures. Therefore, reducing the number of punctures and improving the accuracy of punctures can reduce the risk of tumor metastasis.

The present study has some limitations. This was a retrospective, single-center study with a limited sample size and a short follow-up period. Furthermore, there was a selection bias, since only the patients with small metastases (< 2.5 cm) were included. We focused on the accuracy and complications of the use of a 5-ml syringe as a guide during CT-ISI, and survival analysis was not performed in this study. A large sample multi-center cohort study is warranted to evaluate the long-term outcomes associated with this quite simple method to improve the accuracy of CT-ISI.

Conclusions

Puncture with a 5-ml syringe as a guide during CT-ISI can improve the accuracy of puncture and it is not associated with any additional complications in patients with small (< 2.5 cm) lung metastases.

Data availability statement

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on request.

Ethics statement

This retrospective study was approved by the ethics committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University. The use of patient information was approved by our institutional review board, which waived a requirement for patient informed consent.

Funding

This work was supported by grants from the Jiangsu Provincial Commission of Health and Family Planning (Q201615 to Jie Li), and the Scientific Research Project of Wuxi Health and Family Planning Commission (Q201920 to Jie Li, MS201643 to Zongqiong Sun and YGZXM14033 to Jialiang Zhou).

Disclosure

The authors report no conflict of interest.

References

1 

Seo JB, Im JG, Goo JM et al. Atypical pulmonary metastases: spectrum of radiologic findings. Radiographics 2001; 21: 403-417.

2 

Casiraghi M, De Pas T, Maisonneuve P et al. A 10-year single-center experience on 708 lung metastasectomies: the evidence of the “international registry of lung metastases”. J Thorac Oncol 2011; 6: 1373-1378.

3 

Kemp CD, Ripley RT, Mathur A et al. Pulmonary resection for metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma: the National Cancer Institute experience. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 92: 1195-1200.

4 

Numan RC, Baas P, Klomp HM et al. Optimal surgical management of pulmonary metastases: VATS versus thoracotomy. Respirology 2016; 21: 188-190.

5 

Zellweger M, Abdelnour-Berchtold E, Krueger T et al. Surgical treatment of pulmonary metastasis in colorectal cancer patients: Current practice and results. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 127: 105-116.

6 

NCCN CLinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines). Breast Cancer. Version 3.2019. Fort Washington: National Comprehensive Cancer Network. 2019.

7 

NCCN CLinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines). Bladder Cancer. Version 4.2019. Fort Washington: National Comprehensive Cancer Network. 2019.

8 

NCCN CLinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines). Colon Cancer. Version 4.2019. Fort Washington: National Comprehensive Cancer Network. 2019.

9 

NCCN CLinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines). Prostate Cancer. Version 4.2019. Fort Washington: National Comprehensive Cancer Network. 2019.

10 

Li R, Zhang Y, Yuan Y et al. Dosimetric comparison of CT-guided iodine-125 seed stereotactic brachytherapy and stereotactic body radiation therapy in the treatment of NSCLC. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0187390.

11 

Li J, Zhang L, Xie Q et al. How many times I seed implantation brachytherapy can be repeated for pulmonary metastases: clinical efficacy and complications. J Contemp Brachytherapy 2019; 11: 35-40.

12 

Li J, Zhang L, Xu W et al. Computed tomography-guided implantation of (125)I seeds brachytherapy for recurrent multiple pulmonary oligometastases: initial experience and results. J Contemp Brachytherapy 2017; 9: 132-138.

13 

Li J, Zhang L, Xie Q et al. Comparison of clinical efficacy and complications of (125)I seed brachytherapy and stereotactic body radiation therapy for recurrent pulmonary metastases from colorectal carcinoma. J Contemp Brachytherapy 2018; 10: 360-367.

14 

Han Y, Kim HJ, Kong KA et al. Diagnosis of small pulmonary lesions by transbronchial lung biopsy with radial endobronchial ultrasound and virtual bronchoscopic navigation versus CT-guided transthoracic needle biopsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13: e0191590.

15 

Heerink WJ, de Bock GH, de Jonge GJ et al. Complication rates of CT-guided transthoracic lung biopsy: meta-analysis. Eur Radiol 2017; 27: 138-148.

16 

Lang D, Reinelt V, Horner A et al. Complications of CT-guided transthoracic lung biopsy: A short report on current literature and a case of systemic air embolism. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2018; 130: 288-292.

17 

Elshafee AS, Karch A, Ringe KI et al. Complications of CT-guided lung biopsy with a non-coaxial semi-automated 18 gauge biopsy system: Frequency, severity and risk factors. PLoS One 2019; 14: e0213990.

18 

Wu CC, Maher MM, Shepard JA. Complications of CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy of the chest: prevention and management. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011; 196: W678-682.

19 

Lencioni R, Llovet JM. Modified RECIST (mRECIST) assessment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 2010; 30: 52-60.

20 

[DB/OL] CTEP. http://ctep.cancer.gov/reporting/ctc.html (2014-06-20).

21 

Zampino MG, Maisonneuve P, Ravenda PS et al. Lung metastases from colorectal cancer: analysis of prognostic factors in a single institution study. Ann Thorac Surg 2014; 98: 1238-1245.

22 

Moorcraft SY, Ladas G, Bowcock A et al. Management of resectable colorectal lung metastases. Clin Exp Metastasis 2016; 33: 285-296.

23 

Hachimaru A, Maeda R, Suda T et al. Repeat pulmonary resection for recurrent lung metastases from colorectal cancer: an analysis of prognostic factors. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2016; 22: 826-830.

24 

Amouyal G, Pernot S, Dean C et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of lung metastases from colorectal carcinoma under C-arm cone beam CT guidance. Diagn Interv Imaging 2017; 98: 793-799.

25 

Zhao Q, Tian G, Chen F et al. CT-guided percutaneous laser ablation of metastatic lung cancer: three cases report and literature review. Oncotarget 2017; 8: 2187-2196.

26 

de Baere T, Auperin A, Deschamps F et al. Radiofrequency ablation is a valid treatment option for lung metastases: experience in 566 patients with 1037 metastases. Ann Oncol 2015; 26: 987-991.

27 

Huo B, Wang H. Feasibility of radioactive seed implantation in the treatment of lung cancer assisted by template combined with rib drilling technique. J Shandong Univ (Health Sci) 2017; 55: 26-31.

28 

Li J, Yu M, Xiao Y et al. Computed tomography fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous (125)I seed implantation for safe, effective and real-time monitoring radiotherapy of inoperable stage T1-3N0M0 non-small-cell lung cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2013; 1: 1019-1024.

29 

Wang J Zhang F, Guo J et al. Expert consensus workshop report: Guideline for three-dimensional printing template-assisted computed tomography-guided (125)I seeds interstitial implantation brachytherapy. J Cancer Res Ther 2017; 13: 607-612.

30 

Cao Q, Huo X. Dosimetric study of 3D-printing coplanar template combined with CT-guided 125I seed implantation for treating non-small cell lung cancer. Chin J Rad Med Protect 2017; 37: 528-532.

31 

Shi XX, Pang HW, Ren PR et al. Template-assisted Ir-based stereotactic ablative brachytherapy as a neoadjuvant treatment for operable peripheral non-small cell lung cancer: a phase I clinical trial. J Contemp Brachytherapy 2019; 11: 162-168.

32 

Han M HB, Zhang Y. Technical procedure of template combined with CT guided radioactive seeds implantation for lung cancer. J Shandong Univ (Health Sci) 2017; 55: 14-20.

Copyright: © 2020 Termedia Sp. z o. o. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
 
Quick links
© 2024 Termedia Sp. z o.o.
Developed by Bentus.