Introduction

This narrative review examines physical activity and dietary habits among university students in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the Eastern Mediterranean (EM). The university period critically influences long-term health trajectories and chronic disease risks. Despite shared student charac­teristics, such as high cognitive demands and sedentary behaviors, diverse socio-economic, cultural, and policy contexts across these regions drive distinct health inequalities. This review addresses student population heterogeneity and the pervasive impact of digital technologies on health behaviors.

Material and methods

A structured literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for English-language articles published up to April 2026. Search terms combined “student,” “university,” “physical activity,” “dietary habits,” and “lifestyle” with region-specific terms. This review synthesizes current data, critically appraises findings, and identifies methodological considerations for future cross-regional comparative research.

Results

Student lifestyles constitute a complex system of interconnected behavioral, cognitive, and contextual health determinants. Theoretical frameworks, including the Ecological Model of Health Behavior and Social Determinants of Health, explain the influence of socio-economic, environmental, and policy factors. Assessment methodologies include self-report questionnaires, such as International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form and Food Frequency Questionnaires, as well as objective measures (e.g., accele­rometers) and food diaries. The findings highlight the necessity of cross-cultural instrument validation, accounting for academic discipline, socio-economic background, migration status, and digital behaviors. Regional trends show declining physical activity and Westernization-influenced dietary shifts in CEE. Conversely, the EM region exhibits a blend of traditional and modern diets, with climate and cultural norms potentially influencing physical activity. Both regions exhibit significant academic and psychosocial stress.

Conclusions

Rigorous comparative analysis requires consistent methodologies and validated instruments within a multi-level framework. Multicenter studies are warranted to explore the interplay of factors driving regional health inequalities. Future research must prioritize causal-effect analysis, meta-analyses, technologi­cal impacts, and health system effectiveness to support evidence-based interventions for academic youth.