The publication presents in the light of the present state of knowledge the pathophysiological implications of glucose metabolism and insulin action for the cardiovascular system and blood pressure values. This article describes the relationship between glycaemia and insulinaemia characteristic for diabetes with elements of the metabolic syndrome. Clinical consequences including overweight and prediabetes or type 2 diabetes are dysfunctions of insulin secretion and insulin resistance. The associations between hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance are well recognized in the prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular complications.