Granulocyte, macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is one of the well recognised cytokines involved in the regulation of hematopoiesis. GM-CSF has demonstrated efficacy in decreasing the duration of neutropenia, decreasing the attendant infection, and enhancing the ability to deliver full doses of myelosuppressive therapy and continuation of radiotherapy. GM-CSF can also reverse the neutropenia of myelodysplastic syndrome and aplastic anemia.

In this paper the GM-CSF and possibilities of its application in the treatment of neutropenia inducted by chemotherapy and radiotherapy and in the treatment of some diseases of the hematopoietic system are presented.