The impact of the COVID pandemic on alcohol use in Poland – a systematic review

Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic significantly affected social life and public mental health, increasing the risk of alcohol-related problems. This study aimed to analyse the impact of the pandemic on alcohol consumption patterns in Poland, identify determinants of these changes and assess their health and social consequences.

Material and methods
A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA protocol. Studies published between 2020 and 2023 were included if they involved the adult Polish po­pulation, addressed alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic and examined its impact on physical and mental health.

Results
The analysis revealed an increase in alcohol consumption during the pandemic particularly among men and individuals under the age of 50. The primary motivations for drinking included mood improvement, escape from problems, social influence and boredom. Increased consumption was associated with higher mortality, sleep disturbances, depression, low self-esteem and suicidal thoughts. Mental resilience and strong personality traits were identified as protective factors against excessive drinking.

Discussion
The findings indicate that the pandemic exacerbated alcohol-related problems, emphasising the role of psychosocial factors in shaping drinking patterns. Diverse coping strategies highlight the need for individualised preventive and therapeutic interventions.

Conclusions
The COVID-19 pandemic significantly altered alcohol consumption patterns in Poland leading to adverse health and social outcomes. Continuous monitoring is required, alongside the development of targeted intervention strategies adapted to the needs of different social groups in crisis situations.