Laaraje A, Abassi KB, Radi A, Abilkassem R. From growth hormone deficiency to Kleefstra-2 syndrome: diagnostic reassessment of treatment-refractory short stature. Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism. 2025;31(4):209-214. doi:10.5114/pedm.2025.158552.
APA
Laaraje, A., Abassi, K. B., Radi, A., & Abilkassem, R. (2025). From growth hormone deficiency to Kleefstra-2 syndrome: diagnostic reassessment of treatment-refractory short stature. Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, 31(4), 209-214. https://doi.org/10.5114/pedm.2025.158552
Chicago
Laaraje, Azzeddine, Khadija B Abassi, Abdelilah Radi, and Rachid Abilkassem. 2025. "From growth hormone deficiency to Kleefstra-2 syndrome: diagnostic reassessment of treatment-refractory short stature". Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism 31 (4): 209-214. doi:10.5114/pedm.2025.158552.
Harvard
Laaraje, A., Abassi, K., Radi, A., and Abilkassem, R. (2025). From growth hormone deficiency to Kleefstra-2 syndrome: diagnostic reassessment of treatment-refractory short stature. Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, 31(4), pp.209-214. https://doi.org/10.5114/pedm.2025.158552
MLA
Laaraje, Azzeddine et al. "From growth hormone deficiency to Kleefstra-2 syndrome: diagnostic reassessment of treatment-refractory short stature." Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, vol. 31, no. 4, 2025, pp. 209-214. doi:10.5114/pedm.2025.158552.
Vancouver
Laaraje A, Abassi K, Radi A, Abilkassem R. From growth hormone deficiency to Kleefstra-2 syndrome: diagnostic reassessment of treatment-refractory short stature. Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism. 2025;31(4):209-214. doi:10.5114/pedm.2025.158552.
We report a 12-year-old girl with developmental delay, dysmorphic features, and short stature initially diagnosed with growth hormone deficiency at age 7. Despite appropriate growth hormone treatment for four years with documented insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) normalization (64→241.7 ng/ml), growth velocity remained suboptimal (5–6 cm/year vs. expected 7–8 cm/year). Clinical examination revealed triangular facies, hypertelorism, gingival hyperplasia, moderate intellectual disability, and delayed language development (first words at 3 years). Whole exome sequencing identified a novel de novo heterozygous KMT2C mutation (c.7444_7445insCC, p.Phe2482Serfs*34), confirming Kleefstra-2 syndrome diagnosis. Treatment resistance despite a biochemical response suggests possible post-receptor IGF-1 resistance, potentially related to epigenetic dysregulation. This represents the first documented case of growth hormone deficiency with detailed endocrine characterization in Kleefstra-2 syndrome, expanding the phenotypic spectrum and highlighting the importance of considering genetic syndromes in treatment-refractory short stature.