1. Sawaya R, Bindal RK, Lang FF, Suki D. Metastatic brain tumors. In: Kaye AH, et al. (eds.). Brain tumors: an encyclopedic approach. 3rd ed. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, London 2011, 864-892.
2.
Takei H, Rouah E, Ishida Y. Brain metastasis: clinical characteristics, pathological findings and molecular subtyping for therapeutic implications. Brain Tumor Pathol 2016; 33: 1-12.
3.
Le Rhun E, Guckenberger M, Smits M, Dummer R, Bachelot T, Sahm F, et al. EANO–ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with brain metastasis from solid tumours. Ann Oncol 2021; 32: 1332-1347.
4.
Srinivasan ES, Deshpande K, Neman VJ, Winkler F, Khasraw M. The microenvironment of brain metastases from solid tumors. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 27: 121-132.
5.
Camidge DR, Lee EQ, Lin NU, Margolin K, Ahluwalia MS, Bend- szus M, et al. Clinical trial design for systemic agents in patients with brain metastases from solid tumours: a guideline by the response assessment in neuro-oncology brain metastases Working group. Lancet Oncol 2018; 19: 20-32.
6.
Caponnetto S, Draghi A, Borch TH, Nuti M, Cortesi E, Svane IM, et al. Cancer immunotherapy in patients with brain metastases. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67: 703-711.
7.
Yirizhati A, Maimaitiming N, Qin H, Ji1 W, Fan G, Wang Z, et al. Tumor microenvironment and exosomes in brain metastasis: molecular mechanisms and clinical application. Front Oncol 2022; 12: 1-16.
8.
Camy F, Karpathiou G, Dumollard JM, Magne N, Perrot JL, Vassal F, et al. Brain metastasis PD-L1 and CD8 expression is dependent on primary tumor type and its PD-L1 and CD8 status. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8: 8000597.
9.
Valiente M, Ahluwalia MS, Boire A, Brastianos PK, Goldberg SB, Lee EQ, et al. The evolving landscape of brain metastasis. Trends Cancer 2018; 4: 176-196.
10.
Gwak HS. Molecular biology of brain metastases. Brain Tumor Res Treat 2023; 11: 8-15.
11.
Salgado R, Denkert C, Demaria S, Sirtaine N, Klauschen F, Pruneri G, et al. The evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer: recommendations by an International TILs Working Group 2014. Ann Oncol 2015; 26: 259-271.
12.
Bouwhuis MG, Gast A, Figl A, Eggermont AMM, Hemminki K, Schadendorf D, et al. Polymorphisms in the CD28/CTLA4/ICOS genes: role in malignant melanoma susceptibility and prognosis? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59: 303-312.
13.
Carson MJ, Doose JM, Melchior B, Schmid CD, Ploix CC. CNS immune privilege: hiding in plain sight. Immunol Rev 2006; 213: 48-65.
14.
Berghoff AS, Ricken G, Wilhelm D, Rajky O, Widhalm G, Dieck- mann K, et al. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and PD-L1 expression in brain metastases of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). J Neurooncol 2016; 130: 19-29.
15.
Galon J, Mlecnik B, Bindea G, Angell HK, Berger A, Lagorce C, et al. Towards the introduction of the ‘Immunoscore’ in the classification of malignant tumours. J Pathol 2014; 232: 199-209.
16.
Saleh R, Elkord E. FoxP3+ T regulatory cells in cancer: prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Cancer Lett 2020; 10: 174-185.
17.
Kim R, Keam B, Kim S, Kim M, Kim SH, Kim JW, et al. Differences in tumor microenvironments between primary lung tumors and brain metastases in lung cancer patients: therapeutic implications for immune checkpoint inhibitors. BMC Cancer 2019; 19: 1-10.
18.
Miyake M, Tatsumi Y, Gotoh D, Ohnishi S, Owari T, Iida K, et al., Regulatory T Cells and tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer treated with intravesical bacille calmette-guérin: a long-term follow-up study of a Japanese cohort. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18: 2186.
19.
Salama P, Phillips M, Grieu F, Morris M, Zeps N, Joseph D, et al. Tumor-infiltrating FOXP3+ T regulatory cells show strong prognostic significance in colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 186-192.
