1. Narodowy Fundusz Zdrowia, Centrum e-Zdrowia. NFZ o zdrowiu. Astma. eZdrowie.gov.pl. 2024.
2.
Principe S, Porsbjerg C, Bolm Ditlev S, et al. Treating severe asthma: targeting the IL-5 pathway. Clin Exp Allergy 2021; 51: 992-1005.
3.
Takatsu K. Interleukin-5 and IL-5 receptor in health and diseases. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci 2011; 87: 463-85.
4.
Varricchi G, Ferri S, Pepys J, et al. Biologics and airway remodeling in severe asthma. Allergy 2022; 77: 3538-52.
5.
Egan RW, Athwahl D, Chou CC, et al. Pulmonary biology of anti-interleukin 5 antibodies. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1997; 92 Suppl 2: 69-73.
6.
Sahnoon L, Bajbouj K, Mahboub B, et al. Targeting IL-13 and IL-4 in asthma: therapeutic implications on airway remodeling in severe asthma. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2025; 68: 44.
7.
Pelaia C, Vatrella A, Busceti MT, et al. Severe eosinophilic asthma: from the pathogenic role of interleukin-5 to the therapeutic action of mepolizumab. Drug Des Devel Ther 2017; 11: 3137-44.
8.
Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, 2025.
9.
Bourdin A, Husereau D, Molinari N, et al. Matching-adjusted indirect comparison of benralizumab versus interleukin-5 inhibitors for the treatment of severe asthma: a systematic review. Eur Respir J 2018; 52: 1801393.
10.
Buchheit KM, Lewis E, Gakpo D, et al. Mepolizumab targets multiple immune cells in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148: 574-84.
11.
Corren J. Inhibition of interleukin-5 for the treatment of eosinophilic diseases. Discov Med 2012; 13: 305-12.
12.
Buttler B, Dewor R. Mepolizumab. A monoclonal antibody against interleukin 5 in the treatment of patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 23: 137-42.
13.
Stein ML, Collins MH, Villanueva JM, et al. Anti-IL-5 (mepolizumab) therapy for eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 118: 1312-9.
14.
Yancey SW, Bradford ES, Keene ON. Disease burden and efficacy of mepolizumab in patients with severe asthma and blood eosinophil counts of ≥150-300 cells/μL. Respir Med 2019; 151: 139-41.
15.
Massey OW, Suphioglu C. Taking a breather: advances in interleukin 5 inhibition for asthma relief. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23: 11166.
16.
Kips JC, Tournoy KG, Pauwels RA. New anti-asthma therapies: suppression of the effect of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5. Eur Respir J 2001; 17: 499-506.
17.
Singh D, Fuhr R, Bird NP, et al. A phase 1 study of the long-acting anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody GSK3511294 in patients with asthma. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88: 702-12.
18.
Deeks ED, Brusselle G. Reslizumab in eosinophilic asthma: a review. Drugs 2017; 77: 777-84.
19.
Bel EH, Ten Brinke A. New anti-eosinophil drugs for asthma and COPD: targeting the trait! Chest 2017; 151: 1343-52.
20.
Garcia G, Taillé C, Laveneziana P, et al. Anti-interleukin-5 therapy in severe asthma. Eur Respir Rev 2013; 22: 251-7.
21.
de Freitas Nakata KC, Marques LD, de Oliveira HC, et al. Anti-interleukin-5 in the management of eosinophilic asthma: a review of effectiveness, safety, and budgetary impact from the perspective of the Brazilian Health System. Value Health Reg Issues 2021; 26: 169-81.
22.
Schleich F, Moermans C, Seidel L, et al. Benralizumab in severe eosinophilic asthma in real life: confirmed effectivness and contrasted effect on sputum eosinophilia versus exhaled nitric oxide fraction – PROMISE. ERJ Open Research 2023; 9: 00383-2023.
23.
Gibson PG, Prazma CM, Chupp GL, et al. Mepolizumab improves clinical outcomes in patients with severe asthma and comorbid conditions. Respir Res 2021; 22: 171.
24.
Charles D, Shanley J, Temple SN, et al. Real-world efficacy of treatment with benralizumab, dupilumab, mepolizumab and reslizumab for severe asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Allergy 2022; 52: 616-27.
25.
Niemiec A, Branicka O, Rymarczyk B, Gawlik R. Biological treatment options for eosinophilic asthma, with consideration of markers of eosinophilic inflammation as predictors of treatment efficacy. Pol J Allergol 2024; 11: 163-12.
26.
Bodzenta-Lukaszyk A, Bochenek G, Sławeta G, et al. Hypersensitivity to biologic drugs. Guidelines of the Section of Hypersensitivity to Drugs of the Polish Society of Allergology. Pol J Allergol 2018; 5: 45-50.
27.
Rogala B, Kupczyk M, Bochenek G, et al. Biological therapy of asthma – position statement of Polish Allergology Society (PTA) and Polish Society of Lung Diseases (PTChP). Pol J Allergol 2020; 7: 64-80.
28.
Cox L, Platts-Mills TAE, Finegold I, et al. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology/American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Joint Task Force Report on omalizumab-associated anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120: 1373-7.
29.
Agache I, Beltran J, Akdis C, et al. Efficacy and safety of treatment with biologics (benralizumab, dupilumab, mepolizumab, omalizumab and reslizumab) for severe eosinophilic asthma. Allergy 2020; 75: 1023-42.
30.
FitzGerald JM, Bleecker ER, Bourdin A, et al. Two-year integrated efficacy and safety analysis of benralizumab in severe asthma. J Asthma Allergy 2019; 12: 401-13.
31.
EMA Europa (Nucala, Fasenra) ema.europa.eu 2025.
32.
Bousquet J, Chiron R, Humbert M. Biologics in asthma: difficulties and drawbacks. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8: 1921-8.
33.
Accordini S, Bugiani M, Arossa W, et al. Poor control increases the economic cost of asthma. A multicentre population-based study. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006; 141: 189-98.
34.
Castro M, Zangrilli J, Wechsler ME, et al. Reslizumab for inadequately controlled asthma with elevated blood eosinophil counts: results from two multicentre, parallel, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials. Lancet Respir Med 2015; 3: 355-66.
35.
Lin SC, Liou YM, Ling TY, et al. Placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells reduce the interleukin-5 level experimentally in children with asthma. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16: 1430-8.
36.
Luo J, Chen W, Liu W, et al. IL-5 antagonism reverses priming and activation of eosinophils in severe eosinophilic asthma. Mucosal Immunol 2024; 17: 524-36.
37.
Louis R, Demarche S, Van Hees T, Schleich F. Traitement Personnalisé Dans L’asthme: le cas des anticorps monoclonaux dirigés contre l’interleukine-5 [personalized treatment of asthma: the issue of anti-interleukin-5 antibodies]. Rev Med Liege 2015; 70: 306-9.
38.
Cardet JC, Israel E. Update on reslizumab for eosinophilic asthma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15: 1531-9.
39.
Domvri K, Tsiouprou I, Bakakos P, et al. Effect of mepolizumab in airway remodeling in patients with late-onset severe asthma with an eosinophilic phenotype. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2025; 155: 425-35.
40.
Bagnasco D, Caminati M, Ferrando M, et al. Anti-IL-5 and IL-5Ra: efficacy and safety of new therapeutic strategies in severe uncontrolled asthma. Biomed Res Int 2018; 2018: 5698212.
41.
Drick N, Seeliger B, Welte T, et al. Anti-IL-5 therapy in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma – clinical efficacy and possible criteria for treatment response. BMC Pulm Med 2018; 18: 119.
42.
Van Hulst G, Jorssen J, Jacobs N, et al. Anti-IL5 mepolizumab minimally influences residual blood eosinophils in severe asthma. Eur Respir J 2022; 59: 2100935.
Copyright: © Polish Society of Allergology This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
