The paper presents current views on factors influencing vaginal microbial flora as well as clinical issues resulting from bacterial vaginosis. This disturbance of vaginal milieu is regarded as a cause of genital infections, miscarriages and preterm deliveries. The difficulties in diagnosis, often asymptomatic or recurrent course as well as inefficacious medications lead to usage of many different treatment regimens. The introduction of optimal management in patients with bacterial vaginosis requires further studies concentrating on more efficient methods of preventing and treating this common disease.