Full text
2/2026
vol. 13
Original paper
Effectiveness and safety of allergen immunotherapy in autoimmune diseases: a real-world retrospective analysis
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
- Clinical Division of Lung Diseases and Allergology, Holy Cross Centre for Lung Disease, Czerwona Góra, Poland
- Department of Nucleic Acid Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
- AllerGen Center of Personalized Medicine, Piotrków Trybunalski, Poland
- Władysław Biegański Collegium Medicum, Jan Długosz University, Częstochowa, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
Alergologia Polska – Polish Journal of Allergology 2026; 13, 2: 110–11
Data publikacji online: 2026/04/23
Article file
- Bostock J. Case of a periodical affection of the eyes and chest. Medicochir Trans 1819; 10: 161-5.
- Noon L. Prophylactic inoculation against hay fever. Historical document. Ann Allergy 1960; 18: 287-91.
- Durham SR, Shamji MH. Allergen immunotherapy: past, present and future. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23: 317-28.
- Swamy RS, Reshamwala N, Hunter T, et al. Epigenetic modifications and improved regulatory T-cell function in subjects undergoing dual sublingual immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130: 215-24.e7.
- Worm M, Demoly P, Okamoto Y, et al. Safety of 300IR house dust mite sublingual tablet from pooled clinical trial and post-marketing data. World Allergy Organ J 2024; 17: 100924.
- Simpson CR, Anderson WJA, Helms PJ, et al. Coincidence of immune-mediated diseases driven by Th1 and Th2 subsets suggests a common aetiology. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32: 37-42.
- Pfaar O, Demoly P, Gerth van Wijk R, et al. Recommendations for the standardization of clinical outcomes used in allergen immunotherapy trials. Allergy 2014; 69: 854-67.
- Ochab-Krupnik D, Lacwik P, Mościcka A, et al. The risk of autoimmune disease development and exacerbation in patients receiving subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy: a cross-sectional study. Pol Arch Intern Med 2025; 135: 17068.
- Gur Cetinkaya P, Kahveci M, Esenboğa S, et al. Systemic and large local reactions during subcutaneous grass pollen immunotherapy in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2020; 31: 643-50.
- Cox L, Nelson H, Lockey R, et al. Allergen immunotherapy: a practice parameter third update. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127 (1 Suppl): S1-55.
- James C, Bernstein DI. Allergen immunotherapy: an updated review of safety. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 17: 55-9.
- Berbis P, Carena MC, Auffranc JC, Privat Y. Cutaneo-systemic necrotizing vasculitis occurring during desensitization. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1986; 113: 805-10.
- Cabrera GE, Citera G, Gutiérrez M, et al. Digital vasculitis following allergic desensitization treatment. J Rheumatol 1993; 20: 1970-2.
- Branco-Ferreira M, Clode MH, Palma-Carlos AG. Distal digital vasculitis induced by specific immunotherapy. Allergy 1998; 53: 102-3.
- Taylor RJ. Hypersensitivity vasculitis occurring in a patient receiving immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991; 87: 889-90.
- Phanuphak P, Kohler PF. Onset of polyarteritis nodosa during allergic hyposensitization treatment. Am J Med 1980; 68: 479-85.
- Quirce S, Fernandez Rivas M, Losada E, et al. Recurrent pericarditis: a rare complication of allergen immunotherapy. Allergy 1992; 47: 343-5.
- Fujioka K, Kasahara A, Kida T, et al. Effectiveness and safety of allergen immunotherapy in patients with allergic rhinitis complicated by rheumatic autoimmune diseases: a case series study. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2022; 18: 63.
- Ochab-Krupnik D, Latos A, Łacwik P, et al. Allergen immunotherapy in patients with autoimmune diseases: current guidelines and emerging controversies. Alergol Pol 2024; 12: 47-53.
- Pfaar O, Bachert C, Bufe A, et al. Guideline on allergen-specific immunotherapy in IgE-mediated allergic diseases: S2k Guideline. Allergo J Int 2014; 23: 282-319.
- Rodríguez Del Rio P, Pitsios C, Tsoumani M, et al. Physicians’ experience and opinion on contraindications to allergen immunotherapy: the CONSIT survey. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017; 118: 621-8.e1.
- Krishna MT, Subramanian A, Adderley NJ, et al. Allergic diseases and long-term risk of autoimmune disorders: longitudinal cohort study and cluster analysis. Eur Respir J 2019; 54: 1900476.
- Strachan DP. Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ 1989; 299: 1259-60.
- Romagnani S. Immunologic influences on allergy and the Th1/Th2 balance. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 113: 395-400.
- Wahren-Herlenius M, Dörner T. Immunopathogenic mechanisms of systemic autoimmune disease. Lancet 2013; 382: 819-31.
- Arpaia N, Campbell C, Fan X, et al. Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation. Nature 2013; 504: 451-5.
- Stein MM, Hrusch CL, Gozdz J, et al. Innate immunity and asthma risk in amish and hutterite farm children. N Engl J Med 2016; 375: 411-21.
- Ege MJ, Mayer M, Schwaiger K, et al. Environmental bacteria and childhood asthma. Allergy 2012; 67: 1565-71.
- Olin A, Henckel E, Chen Y, et al. Stereotypic immune system development in newborn children. Cell 2018; 174: 1277-92.e14.
- Russell SL, Gold MJ, Hartmann M, et al. Early life antibiotic-driven changes in microbiota enhance susceptibility to allergic asthma. EMBO Rep 2012; 13: 440-7.
- Furusawa Y, Obata Y, Fukuda S, et al. Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells. Nature 2013; 504: 446-50.
- Veldman CM, Cantorna MT, DeLuca HF. Expression of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) receptor in the immune system. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 374: 334-8.
- Dong JY, Zhang WG, Chen JJ, et al. Vitamin D intake and risk of type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Nutrients 2013; 5: 3551-62.
- Smolders J, Damoiseaux J, Menheere P, Hupperts R. Vitamin D as an immune modulator in multiple sclerosis: a review. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 194: 7-17.
- Jat KR, Khairwa A. Vitamin D and asthma in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Lung India 2017; 34: 355-63.
- Croce E, Hatz C, Jonker EF, et al. Safety of live vaccinations on immunosuppressive therapy in immune-mediated diseases: a review. Vaccine 2017; 35: 1216-26.
- Elmahdi R, Ward D, Ernst MT, et al. Impact of immunosuppressive therapy on SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine effectiveness. BMJ Open 2024; 14: e077408.
- Garcillán B, Salavert M, Regueiro JR, Díaz-Castroverde S. Response to vaccines in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a narrative review. Vaccines 2022; 10: 297.
- Alnaimat F, Sweis JJG, Jansz J, et al. Vaccination in the era of immunosuppression. Vaccines 2023; 11: 1446.
- Cavkaytar O, Akdis CA, Akdis M. Modulation of immune responses by immunotherapy in allergic diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 17: 30-7.
- Shamji MH, Sharif H, Layhadi JA, et al. Diverse immune mechanisms of allergen immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis with and without asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149: 791-801.
- Richardson N, Wraith DC. Advancement of antigen-specific immunotherapy: knowledge transfer between allergy and autoimmunity. Immunother Adv 2021; 1: ltab009.
- Sabatos-Peyton CA, Verhagen J, Wraith DC. Antigen-specific immunotherapy of autoimmune and allergic diseases. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 22: 609-15.
- Song Y, Li J, Wu Y. Evolving understanding of autoimmune mechanisms and new therapeutic strategies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9: 263.
- Jung SM, Kim WU. Targeted immunotherapy for autoimmune disease. Immune Netw 2022; 22: e9.
Copyright: © Polish Society of Allergology This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.


