Alergologia Polska - Polish Journal of Allergology
eISSN: 2391-6052
ISSN: 2353-3854
Alergologia Polska - Polish Journal of Allergology
Current issue Archive Manuscripts accepted About the journal Editorial board Abstracting and indexing Subscription Contact Publication charge Supplements Special issues Instructions for authors Publication charge
Editorial System
Submit your Manuscript
Search
Editorial Policies
Sarajevo Declaration on Integrity and Visibility of Scholarly Publications

Open access

without publication fees
Share:
Send email
Share:
Review paper

Eosinophilic esophagitis: a major challenge for the allergist

Oksana Wojas
1
,
Edyta Krzych-Fałta
2
,
Klaudia Sarna
1
,
Bolesław Samoliński
1
,
Adam Przybyłkowski
3

  1. Department of Prevention of Environmental Hazards, Allergology and Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
  2. Department of Nursing Propaedeutics, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
  3. Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
Alergologia Polska – Polish Journal of Allergology
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/pja.2026.161572
Online publish date: 2026/05/07
Article file
- Eosinophilic esophagitis.pdf  [0.27 MB]
Get citation
 
PlumX metrics:
 
1. Wechsler ME, Munitz A, Ackerman SJ, et al. Eosinophils in health and disease: a state-of-the-art review. Mayo Clin Proc 2021; 96: 2694-707.
2. Ackerman SJ, Stacy NI. Considerations on the evolutionary biology and functions of eosinophils: what the “haeckel”? J Leukoc Biol 2024; 116: 247-59.
3. Marichal T, Mesnil C, Bureau F. Homeostatic eosinophils: characteristics and functions. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4: 101.
4. Stacy NI, Ackerman SJ. A tribute to eosinophils from a comparative and evolutionary perspective. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147: 1115-6.
5. Constantine GM, Klion AD. Recent advances in understanding the role of eosinophils. Fac Rev 2022; 11: 26.
6. Jackson DJ, Akuthota P, Roufosse F. Eosinophils and eosinophilic immune dysfunction in health and disease. Eur Respir Rev 2022; 31: 210150.
7. Ogulur I, Mitamura Y, Yazici D, et al. Type 2 immunity in allergic diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2025; 22: 211-42.
8. Goląb J, Lasek W, Stokłosa T, Nowis D. Immunologia. PWN, Warszawa 2023.
9. Gao YD, Wang ZJ, Ogulur I, et al. The evolution, immunopathogenesis and biomarkers of type 2 inflammation in common allergic disorders. Allergy 2025; 80: 1848-77.
10. Buchheit KM, Shaw D, Chupp G, et al. Interleukin-5 as a pleiotropic cytokine orchestrating airway type 2 inflammation: effects on and beyond eosinophils. Allergy 2024; 79: 2662-79.
11. Ambrosino P, Marcuccio G, Raffio G, et al. Endotyping chronic respiratory diseases: T2 inflammation in the united airways model. Life (Basel) 2024; 14: 899.
12. Bachert C, Brusselle G, Castillo Vizuete JA, et al. Consensus from European experts on severe eosinophilic asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: Results from the OverSEA Delphi study. J Allergy Clin Immunol Glob 2025; 4: 100529.
13. Sivander A, Hårdstedt M, Nerpin E, et al. Characteristics related to biomarkers of neutrophil, eosinophil, and mast cell activation. Sci Rep 2025; 15: 32467.
14. Siddiqui S, Bachert C, Bjermer L, et al. Eosinophils and tissue remodeling: relevance to airway disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152: 841-57.
15. Jackson DJ, Pavord ID. Living without eosinophils: evidence from mouse and man. Eur Respir J 2023; 61: 2201217.
16. Lucendo A, Molina-Infante J, Arias A, et al. Guidelines on eosinophilic esophagitis: evidence-based statements and recommendations for diagnosis and management in children and adults. United European Gastroenterol J 2017; 5: 335-58.
17. Hirano I, Chan E, Rank M, et al. AGA institute and the joint task force on allergy-immunology practice parameters clinical guidelines for the management of eosinophilic esophagitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2020; 124: 416-23.
18. Attwood S, Furuta GT. Eosinophilic esophagitis: historical perspective on an evolving disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2014; 43: 185-99.
19. Attwood SE, Smyrk TC, Demeester TR, Jones JB. Esophageal eosinophilia with dysphagia. A distinct clinicopathologic syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38: 109-16.
20. Reed CC, Dellon ES. Eosinophilic esophagitis. Med Clin North Am 2019; 103: 29-42.
21. Dellon ES, Hirano I. Epidemiology and natural history of eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology 2018; 154: 319-32.e3.
22. Gratacós Gómez AR, Gómez Torrijos E. Eosinophilic esophagitis due to aeroallergens: a systematic review and update. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2022; 32: 438-50.
23. Spergel J, Aceves SS. Allergic components of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142: 1-8.
24. Muir A, Falk GW. Eosinophilic esophagitis: a review. JAMA 2021; 326: 1310-8.
25. Massironi S, Mulinacci G, Gallo C, et al. Mechanistic insights into eosinophilic esophagitis: therapies targeting pathophysiological mechanisms. Cells 2023; 12: 2473.
26. Celebi Sozener Z, Ozdel Ozturk B, Cerci P, et al. Epithelial barrier hypothesis: effect of the external exposome on the microbiome and epithelial barriers in allergic disease. Allergy 2022; 77: 1418-49.
27. Losol P, Sokolowska M, Hwang YK, et al. Epithelial barrier theory: the role of exposome, microbiome, and barrier function in allergic diseases. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2023; 15: 705-24.
28. Arias-González L, Rodríguez-Alcolado L, Laserna-Mendieta EJ, et al. Fibrous remodeling in eosinophilic esophagitis: clinical facts and pathophysiological uncertainties. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25: 927.
29. Muir AB, Karakasheva TA, Whelan KA. Epithelial-fibroblast crosstalk in eosinophilic esophagitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 17: 713-8.
30. 30. Thomsen SF. Epidemiology and natural history of atopic diseases. Eur Clin Respir J 2015; 2: 24642.
31. Gratacós Gómez AR, Ortega SF, Cañas AP, et al. Impact of environmental factors on the epidemiology of eosinophilic esophagitis in southwestern Europe (2007-2020). J Allergy Clin Immunol Glob 2023; 2: 100088.
32. Dowling PJ, Neuhaus H, Polk BI. The role of the environment in eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2019; 57: 330-9.
33. Gonsalves NP, Aceves SS. Diagnosis and treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 145: 1-7.
34. Dellon ES, Muir AB, Katzka DA, et al. ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of eosinophilic esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2025; 120: 31-59.
35. Gupta M, Grinman M. Diagnosis and management of eosinophilic esophagitis. CMAJ 2024; 196: E121-8.
36. Kennedy KV, Muir AB, Ruffner MA. Pathophysiology of eosinophilic esophagitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2024; 44: 119-28.
37. Massironi S, Elvevi A, Panceri R, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: does age matter? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2024; 20: 211-23.
38. Straumann A, Katzka DA. Diagnosis and treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology 2018; 154: 346-59.
39. Dalby K, Nielsen RG, Kruse-Andersen S, et al. Eosinophilic oesophagitis in infants and children in the region of southern denmark: a prospective study of prevalence and clinical presentation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010; 51: 280-2.
40. McGowan EC, Wright BL, Ruffner MA, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: an allergy and immunology perspective on the updated guidelines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2025; 156: 252-8.
41. Rymarczyk B, Jura-Szołtys E, Gluck J, Gawlik R. Does a healthy diet always mean a safe diet? Food allergy as an obstacle to a healthy lifestyle. Pol J Allergol 2025; 12: 91-7.
42. Kołakowska K, Czubek M. Dupilumab – a novel treatment option against allergic diseases: a state-of-the-art review. Pol J Allergol 2025; 12: 197-202.
43. Wilson BE, Sacta MA, Wright BL, et al. The relationship between eosinophilic esophagitis and immunotherapy. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2024; 44: 281-91.
44. Lucendo AJ, Arias A, Tenias JM. Relation between eosinophilic esophagitis and oral immunotherapy for food allergy: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014; 113: 624-9.
45. Morales-Cabeza C, Infante S, Cabrera-Freitag P, et al. Oral immunotherapy and risk of eosinophilic esophagitis in children: 15 years’ experience. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2023; 76: 53-8.
46. Petroni D, Spergel JM. Eosinophilic esophagitis and symptoms possibly related to eosinophilic esophagitis in oral immunotherapy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 120: 237-40.e4.
47. Nilsson C, Scurlock AM, Dellon ES, et al. Onset of eosinophilic esophagitis during a clinical trial program of oral immunotherapy for peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2021; 9: 4496-501.
48. Moawad FJ, Veerappan GR, Lake JM, et al. Correlation between eosinophilic oesophagitis and aeroallergens. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 31: 509-15.
49. Fogg MI, Ruchelli E, Spergel JM. Pollen and eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112: 796-7.
50. Capucilli P, Hill DA. Allergic comorbidity in eosinophilic esophagitis: mechanistic relevance and clinical implications. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2019; 57: 111-27.
51. Robey BS, Eluri S, Reed CC, et al. Subcutaneous immunotherapy in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019; 122: 532-3.e3.
52. Pitsios C, Rossi CM. Allergen immunotherapy and eosinophilic esophagitis: friends or foes? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 24: 504-9.
53. Cafone J, Capucilli P, Hill DA, Spergel JM. Eosinophilic esophagitis during sublingual and oral allergen immunotherapy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 19: 350-7.
54. Egan M, Atkins D. What is the relationship between eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and aeroallergens? Implications for allergen immunotherapy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2018; 18: 43.
55. Votto M, De Filippo M, Caminiti L, et al. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders and allergen immunotherapy: lights and shadows. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2021; 32: 814-23.
56. Misarko A, Hejnosz A, Piwowarek K, Chciałowski A. Repeated anaphylactic shocks during bee venom immunotherapy and successful continuation of treatment after vaccine change. Pol J Allergol 2025; 12: 212-7.
57. Wojas O, Krzych-Fałta E, Żybul P, et al. The overlap of allergic disorders and upper gastrointestinal symptoms: beyond eosinophilic esophagitis. Nutrients 2025; 17: 1355.
58. Straumann A, Blanchard C, Radonjic-Hoesli S, et al. A new eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)-like disease without tissue eosinophilia found in EoE families. Allergy 2016; 71: 889-900.
59. Greuter T, Straumann A, Fernandez-Marrero Y, et al. Characterization of eosinophilic esophagitis variants by clinical, histological, and molecular analyses: a cross-sectional multi-center study. Allergy 2022; 77: 2520-33.
60. Greuter T, Straumann A, Fernandez-Marrero Y, et al. A multicenter long-term cohort study of eosinophilic esophagitis variants and their progression to eosinophilic esophagitis over time. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2024; 15: e00664.
61. Dellon ES. Eosinophilic esophagitis: what’s a name? Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69: 330-4.
62. Bousquet J, Anto JM, Wickman M, et al. Are allergic multimorbidities and IgE polysensitization associated with the persistence or re-occurrence of foetal type 2 signalling? The MeDALL hypothesis. Allergy 2015; 70: 1062-78.
63. Bousquet J, Anto JM, Akdis M, et al. Paving the way of systems biology and precision medicine in allergic diseases: the MeDALL success story. Allergy 2016; 71: 1513-25.
Copyright: © Polish Society of Allergology This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.



Termedia
About us Contact
Copyright notice Privacy policy Advertising policy Contact us
Quick links
Journals Books eBooks Events
© 2026 Termedia Sp. z o.o.
Developed by Termedia.