Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common complication of oncological treatment, leading to a substantial decrease in the quality of life of patients with cancer. It is commonly responsible for reduced efficiency or even cessation of the treatment effect because the effective anticancer drug dose is reduced or discontinued.

Despite the fact that we know more and more about CIPN pathophysiological mechanisms, the predictive factors, prevention, and treatment options are still very limited. The pathomechanism, clinical symptoms, and potential treatment options based of differences between oncological drugs responsible for CIPN are presented in this review. The potential risk factors that may increase the likelihood of developing CIPN, such as genetic background, are also described. This has potential future impact on extracting the CIPN high-risk group of patients qualified to specific oncological treatment options.