1/2026
vol. 18
Original paper
Permanent seed brachytherapy for prostate cancer: Monotherapy, combined, and salvage approaches remain effective and well-tolerated options
- ION Radioncologia, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ION Radioncologia, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Urology, Campinas, Brazil
J Contemp Brachytherapy 2026; 18, 1: 23–31
Data publikacji online: 2026/04/30
Article file
1. Mould RF. The early history of X-ray diagnosis with emphasis on the contributions of physics 1895–1915. Phys Med Biol 1995; 40: 1741-1787.
2.
Aronowitz JN. Benjamin Barringer: originator of the transperineal prostate implant. Urology 2002; 60: 731-734.
3.
Holm HH. The history of interstitial brachytherapy of prostatic cancer. Semin Surg Oncol 1997; 13: 431-437.
4.
Whitmore WF Jr, Hilaris B, Grabstald H. Retropubic implantation of iodine-125 in the treatment of prostatic cancer. J Urol 1972; 108: 918-920.
5.
Tanaka N, Asakawa I, Hasegawa M et al. Low-dose-rate brachytherapy for prostate cancer: a 15-year experience in Japan. Int J Urol 2020; 27: 17-23.
6.
Okamoto K, Okuyama K, Kohno N et al. Clinical outcomes of low-dose-rate brachytherapy-based radiotherapy for intermediate-risk prostate cancer. J Contemp Brachytherapy 2020; 12: 6-11.
7.
Tanaka N. The oncologic and safety outcomes of low-dose-rate brachytherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer. Prostate Int 2023; 11: 127-133.
8.
Chao M, Joon DL, Khoo V et al. Combined low-dose-rate brachytherapy and external beam radiation therapy for intermediate-risk prostate cancer. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci 2019; 50: 82-86.
9.
Boehle A, Katic K, König IR et al. Combined-modality 125I-seed brachytherapy, external beam radiation, and androgen deprivation therapy of unfavorable-risk prostate cancer: report of outcomes and side effects. World J Urol 2019; 37: 2355-2363.
10.
Lytton B. Prostate cancer: a brief history and the discovery of hormonal ablation treatment. J Urol 2001; 165 (6 Pt 1): 1859-1862.
11.
Schultheiss D, Machtens S. Re: Prostate cancer: a brief history and the discovery of hormonal ablation treatment. J Urol 2002; 167: 1801.
12.
King MT, Keyes M, Frank SJ et al. Low-dose-rate brachytherapy for primary treatment of localized prostate cancer: a systematic review and executive summary of an evidence-based consensus statement. Brachytherapy 2021; 20: 1114-1129.
13.
Henríquez López I, Segundo CGS, Vegas JO et al. Salvage brachytherapy for locally recurrent prostate cancer after radiation therapy: comparison of efficacy and toxicity outcomes with high-dose-rate and low-dose-rate brachytherapy. Radiother Oncol 2019; 141: 156-163.
14.
Sanda MG, Chen RC, Crispino T et al. Clinically localized prostate cancer: AUA/ASTRO guideline. J Urol 2018; 199: 683-690.
15.
Uribe-Lewis S, Uribe J, Bourke V et al. Long-term survival after low-dose-rate brachytherapy for prostate cancer: the Royal Surrey experience. BJU Int 2022; 129: 723-730.
16.
D’Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA 1998; 280: 969-974.
17.
Horwitz EM, Thames HD, Kuban DA et al. Defining PSA progression after radical radiotherapy: Phoenix consensus conference. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 65: 965-974.
18.
Morris WJ, Tyldesley S, Rodda S et al. Androgen suppression combined with elective nodal and dose escalated radiation therapy (ASCENDE-RT): an analysis of survival endpoints of a randomized trial comparing a low-dose-rate brachytherapy boost with a dose-escalated external beam boost for high- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017; 98: 275-285.
19.
Peinemann F, Grouven U, Hemkens LG et al. Low-dose-rate brachytherapy for men with localized prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 9: CD008871.
20.
Zhou Z, Yan W, Zhou Y et al. 125I low-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy and radical prostatectomy in patients with prostate cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 18: 72-80.
21.
Murakami Y, Satoh T, Tsumura H et al. Quality of life outcomes after low-dose-rate brachytherapy for localized prostate cancer: current status and future perspectives. Int J Urol 2019; 26: 1099-1105.
22.
Kee DLC, Gal J, Falk AT et al. Brachytherapy versus external beam radiotherapy boost for prostate cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 70: 265-271.
23.
Langley SEM, Soares R, Uribe J et al. Long-term oncological outcomes and toxicity in 597 men aged ≤60 years at time of low-dose-rate brachytherapy for localized prostate cancer. BJU Int 2018; 121: 38-45.
24.
Armstrong A, Ho H, Tacey M et al. Low-dose-rate brachytherapy and long-term treatment outcomes in patients younger than 60 years of age. J Contemp Brachytherapy 2024; 16: 6-11.
25.
Bazinet A, Zorn KC, Taussky D et al. Favorable preservation of erectile function after prostate brachytherapy for localized prostate cancer. Brachytherapy 2020; 19: 222-227.
26.
Schoentgen N, Marolleau J, Delage F et al. Prospective four-year evaluation of erectile function after low-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy using baseline IIEF-5 > 16. J Contemp Brachytherapy 2019; 11: 195-200.
27.
Xie X, Zhang Y, Ge C et al. Effect of brachytherapy vs. external beam radiotherapy on sexual function in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9: 792597.
28.
Peng LC, Mian OY, Lakshminarayanan P et al. Analysis of spatial dose-volume relationships and decline in sexual function following permanent brachytherapy for prostate cancer. Urology 2020; 135: 111-116.
29.
Routman DM, Funk RK, Stish BJ et al. Permanent prostate brachytherapy monotherapy with I-125 for low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer: outcomes in 974 patients. Brachytherapy 2019; 18: 1-7.
30.
Nguyen AT, Liu CTS, Kamrava M. A “scoping” review of prostate brachytherapy and immune responses. Brachytherapy 2023; 22: 21-29.
31.
Uribe-Lewis S, Uribe J, Deering C et al. Net survival of men with localized prostate cancer after LDR brachytherapy. Brachytherapy 2024; 24: 122-128.
32.
Wang H, Mendez L, Morton G et al. Brachytherapy for high-grade prostate cancer induces distinct changes in circulating CD4 and CD8 T cells: implications for systemic control. Radiother Oncol 2024; 191: 110077.
33.
Stone NN, Skouteris V, Stock RG. Long-term biochemical control and cause-specific survival in men with Gleason grade group 4 and 5 prostate cancer treated with brachytherapy and external beam irradiation. Brachytherapy 2020; 19 (Suppl 1): S19-S20.
34.
Michalski JM, Winter KA, Prestidge BR et al. Effect of brachytherapy with external beam radiation therapy versus brachytherapy alone for intermediate-risk prostate cancer: NRG Oncology RTOG 0232 randomized clinical trial. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41: 4035-4044.
35.
Johnson SB, Lester-Coll NH, Kelly JR et al. Brachytherapy boost utilization and survival in unfavorable-risk prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2017; 72: 738-744.
36.
Prada PJ, Anchuelo J, Blanco AG et al. Low-dose-rate brachytherapy for patients with transurethral resection before implantation in prostate cancer: long-term results. Int Braz J Urol 2016; 42: 47-52.
37.
Salembier C, Henry A, Pieters BR et al. A history of transurethral resection of the prostate should not be a contraindication for low-dose-rate 125I prostate brachytherapy: results of a prospective Uro-GEC phase-II trial. J Contemp Brachytherapy 2020; 12: 1-5.
38.
Kim TH, Kim JN, Yu YD et al. Feasibility and early toxicity of focal or partial brachytherapy in prostate cancer patients. J Contemp Brachytherapy 2020; 12: 420-426.
39.
Corkum MT, Buyyounouski MK, Chang AJ et al. Salvage prostate brachytherapy in radiorecurrent prostate cancer: an international Delphi consensus study. Radiother Oncol 2023; 184: 109672.
40.
Vuolukka K, Auvinen P, Palmgren JE et al. Long-term efficacy and urological toxicity of low-dose-rate brachytherapy (LDR-BT) as monotherapy in localized prostate cancer. Brachytherapy 2019; 18: 583-588.
41.
Merrell KW, Davis BJ, Goulet CC et al. Reducing seed migration to near zero with stranded-seed implants: comparison of migration rates to the chest in 1000 permanent prostate brachytherapy patients. Brachytherapy 2019; 18: 306-312.
42.
Ling DC, Chen KS, Benoit RM et al. Long-term patient-reported rectal bleeding and bowel-related quality of life after Cs-131 prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019; 104: 622-630.
Copyright: © 2026 Termedia Sp. z o. o. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
