A first case report of rare synchronous double cancers: malignant cutaneous melanoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumor

A 55-year-old man presented with periumbilical pain associated with the development of brownish discoloration near the umbilicus. The condition started 6 months before seeking medical attention. The pain increased particularly at the site of the brownish lesion and became more intense when the patient touched the site of the lesion. The gradual increase in pain severity as well as the noticeable changes of the skin lesion (the brownish discoloration became harder, larger and darker in hue) led the patient to seek medical advice. The patient has not been exposed to prominent risk factors being a non-smoker, since he works in a risk-free environment as a mechatronic engineer. Unfortunately, he has a positive family history of malignancies, which was unfavorable with his delayed diagnosis. His father died at the age of 72 due to lung cancer and his mother is a survivor of basal cell carcinoma of the nasomaxillary region.
Upon skin examination, the non-ulcerated skin lesion has been revealed. Melanoma malignum cutis has been identified after performing a preoperative dermatoscopy (Figure 1). The tumor was subsequently removed in one piece and the tissue identified histologically as a pT2a malignancy. The lesion has the following properties: dimensions of 2.3 × 2 × 1 cm; Breslow thickness of 1.9 mm; mitotic index of 4 mitoses/5 HPF; margin of at least 0.1 cm healthy tissue; positive staining patterns of HMB-45 (+), Melan A (+) and S100 (+) markers; and negative CK AE1/AE3 (–) marker (Figure 2).
Following tumor resection, the patient was subjected to further investigation including abdominal and retroperitoneal ultrasound as well as pelvic ultrasound. The abdominal ultrasound showed hypo-echoic mass with dimensions of 44 × 26 × 33 mm localized on the left umbilical region slightly lateral to the midline suggesting a pathological lymph node that needed further investigation. On the other hand, the retroperitoneal and pelvic scans were negative. More radical therapy was performed on the patient including an expanded resection but the tissue histopathology failed to show any evidence of the presence of cancer cells.
Further findings were obtained after performing an abdominal CT scan. We found a pathological mass of 37 × 41 mm with inhomogeneous and hypo-echogenic texture (Figure 3). Closely adhering to the small bowel loop, we found gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). In order to ensure patient safety and due to the high morbidity and mortality of this metastatic tumor, the patient subsequently underwent a FUSION PET (PET/CT) scan using 18F-FDG imaging on the Biograph mCT 20. Basic parameters were measured including the blood glucose level, which showed 116 mg/dl. The patient was injected with 500 MBq of FDG and focal mass and the data showed that 12 mm of SUV 5.0 in the descending colon with a tumor size of 33 mm. The SUV 6.1 is localized in the mesentery alongside of the intestinal loop on the left-hand side of the middle region of the abdomen (Figure 3).
After the PET/CT scan, the patient was referred for a colonoscopy that has been performed using the Olympus CF-Q180AL. The colonoscopy allowed the whole large intestine to be examined more clearly. The examination of ostium appendicis vermiformis and ileocecal valve became clearly visible. The data showed that the patient had an enlarged hemorrhoid while the intestinal wall and mucosa were normal. The Boston Bowel Preparation scale (BBPS) measured as 6/9 points (2 + 2 + 2) and no other pathological changes were observed. There were few doubts of the clinical diagnosis and the differentiation of the potential metastatic formation of malignant melanoma due to the lack of previous reports of similar cases. Next, the patient underwent exploratory laparoscopy and possible curative resection (Figure 4).
In the exploratory laparoscopy, 6 cm of the small intestine was found and resected. The surgical cut localizes 4.7 cm of pathological change and further 1.2 cm of non-pathological tissue. A final gross examination confirmed the presence of GIST. The characterization of the tumor is the following: tumor type pT2 with a low mitotic rate at stage IA of 1 mitose/50 HPF (Figure 5). In addition, the proliferation maker of Ki67 detected by immunohistochemical staining showed positive cells but did not exceed 5%. Other markers showed some changes including CD34 (+), CD99 (+), CD117 (+), CK AE1/AE3 (–), Desmin (–), DOG-1 (+), EMA (–), MA (–), Myogenin (–), S100 (–), SMA (+) and Vimentin (+).
The lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel lymph node biopsy (SNB) were also performed. The SNB examination showed 2 nodes, the first node was 1.2 cm with lymph node metastasis and the second node was inflamed with a size of 0.5 cm. Therefore, the patient underwent a wider excision of these lesions. Six months later, the patient was in good condition and he was also undergoing periodic observation as part of his postoperative follow-up.
Many studies showed the synchronous coincidence of double or multiple cancers [1, 2] and such occurrences are expected to be increased [3, 4]. Nowadays, there are only few detailed studies of synchronous cases of melanoma and other malignancies such as carcinomas of the large intestine, breast and prostate [5–7]. Up to now, there has been only one published case study that refers to synchronously diagnosed malignant melanoma (involving the right hard palate) and GIST [8]. In addition, there is one-center analysis indicating that multiple cancer occurrence may be considered as a coincidence but without details on the anatomical location or whether this case can be classified as metachronous or synchronous [9].
A well-known conclusion has been made that diagnostic imaging and other novel diagnosis modalities are important in providing early diagnosis which lead to early management and less complications to ensure catching many tumors at the early stage [10, 11]. This is particularly true for globally synchronous GIST tumors, which are often detected incidentally during diagnostic processes or treatment [12]. Moreover, those patients are frequently diagnosed with an asynchronous occurrence of another malignancy during follow-up to their treatment [13]. Those double or multiple coincidences of GIST are mainly observed with other primary gastrointestinal malignancies [14].
However, individual cases related to other types of cancer are increasing since such data are available for comparative geographical, demographical and epidemiological analysis [15]. Such data analysis will be available for any research investigator in Poland that has only detected GIST as a secondary neoplasm while studies in other countries have observed it within the primary site of cancer [16].
The malignant melanoma is one of common types of skin cancer and can occur in many other organs. There is only a small number of case studies that referred to the synchronous coincidence between malignant melanoma and other neoplasms [5–17]. Such cases are characterized as very rare and incidental cases. Examples of these cases include cases of anorectal malignant melanoma coexisting with adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon and cases of double cancer incidences that involve esophageal MM and adenocarcinoma of the lung [18, 19].
Up to date, there has been only one published case study of synchronous double cancer involving melanoma malignum and GIST [8]. This case concerns a 78-year-old woman that differs from this case whereas there was no detection of pathological sentinel lymph nodes or any details of symptoms reported by the patient linked to GIST. However, there was a comparable absence of distant metastases and diagnostic track involving diagnostic imaging examination. Both cases have involved quick and early diagnosis as well as the relatively fast application of effective treatment.
So far no cases of occurrence of synchronous double cancer with both malignant periumbilical melanoma and GIST have been published. Therefore, reporting such cases in the future will increase our knowledge to avoid misdiagnosis and delayed therapy for the double cancer cases. Our report highlights some questions that might need further exploration of whether use of additional expand diagnostic protocols could help to avoid clinical omissions in rare cases and unexpected multiple cancer coincidences. In such rare cases, the right planning treatment will be a great benefit for those patients. The report provides a better guide for all cases of synchronous double or multiple cancers that are still growing with unexpected coincidences that are more likely to emerge.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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