1. World Health Organization. COVID-19 dashboard [Internet]. Geneva: WHO [access 2023 Jul 22]. Available from: https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/cases
2.
Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y, Qi X, Jiang F, Jiang Z, et al. Epidemiology of COVID-19 among children in China. Pediatrics. 2020; 145(6): e20200702. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0702
3.
Ludvigsson JF. Systematic review of COVID-19 in children shows milder cases and a better prognosis than adults. Acta Paediatr. 2020; 109: 1088-1095. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15270
4.
Zheng YB, Zeng N, Yuan K, Tian SS, Yang YB, Gao N, et al. Prevalence and risk factor for long COVID in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Infect Public Health. 2023; 16(5): 660-672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2023.03.005
5.
Tso WWY, Wang Y, Fong DYT, Kwan MYW, Ip P, Chan JFW, et al. Development and validation of the Post-COVID Symptom Scale for Children/Youth (PCSS-C/Y). Eur J Pediatr. 2024; 184(1): 81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-024-05913-9
6.
Boyarchuk O, Predyk L, Yuryk I. COVID-19 in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: frequency and severity. Reumatologia. 2021; 59(3): 197-199. https://doi.org/10.5114/reum.2021.107590
7.
Perestiuk V, Kosovska T, Dyvoniak O, Volianska L, Boyarchuk O. Vitamin D status in children with COVID-19: does it affect the development of long COVID and its symptoms?. Front Pediatr. 2025; 13: 1507169. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2025.1507169
8.
World Health Organization. A clinical case definition for post COVID-19 condition in children and adolescents by expert consensus [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2023 Feb 16 [access 2025 May 27]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/366126/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post-COVID-19-condition-CA-Clinical-case-definition-2023.1-eng.pdf?sequence=1
9.
Dun-Dery F, Xie J, Winston K, Burstein B, Emsley J, Sabhaney V, et al. No association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and quality of life 6- and 12-months after infection. Acad Pediatr. 2024; 14: S1876-2859(24)00273-0. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2024.07.003
10.
Robinson E, Sutin AR, Daly M, Jones A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies comparing mental health before versus during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2022; 296: 567-576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.098
11.
Ravens-Sieberer U, Kaman A, Erhart M, Devine J, Schlack R, Otto C. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on quality of life and mental health in children and adolescents in Germany. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2022; 31(6): 879-889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01726-5
12.
Madigan S, Racine N, Vaillancourt T, Korczak DJ, Hewitt JMA, Pador P, et al. Changes in depression and anxiety among children and adolescents from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics. 2023; 177(6): 567-581. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.0846
13.
Lorthe E, Richard V, Dumont R, Loizeau A, Perez-Saez J, Baysson H, et al. Socioeconomic conditions and children's mental health and quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic: an intersectional analysis. SSM Popul Health. 2023; 23: 101472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101472
14.
World Health Organization. Clinical management of COVID-19: interim guidance [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2020 May 27 [access 2020 May 27]. Available from: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/332196
15.
Varni JW. Scaling and scoring of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory TM (PedsQLTM). Version 17. Lyon: MAPI Research Trust; 2017.
16.
Kovalchuk T. Validation of the Ukrainian version of the PedsQLTM 4.0 Generic Core Scales in children and adolescents with vasovagal syncope. Pediatria Polska – Polish Journal of Paediatrics. 2020; 95(2): 112-120. https://doi.org/10.5114/polp.2020.97102
17.
Adler L, Israel M, Yehoshua I, Azuri J, Hoffman R, Shahar A, et al. Long COVID symptoms in Israeli children with and without a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2023; 13(2): e064155. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064155
18.
Atchison CJ, Whitaker M, Donnelly CA, Chadeau-Hyam M, Riley S, Darzi A, et al. Characteristics and predictors of persistent symptoms post-COVID-19 in children and young people: a large community cross-sectional study in England. Arch Dis Child. 2023; 108(7): e12. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2022-325152
19.
Maddux AB, Berbert L, Young CC, Feldstein LR, Zambrano LD, Kucukak S, et al. Health Impairments in Children and Adolescents After Hospitalization for Acute COVID-19 or MIS-C. Pediatrics. 2022; 150(3): e2022057798. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-057798
20.
Boyarchuk O, Perestiuk V, Kosovska T, Volianska L. Coagulation profile in hospitalized children with COVID-19: pediatric age dependency and its impact on long COVID development. Front Immunol. 2024; 15: 1363410. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1363410
21.
Camporesi A, Morello R, La Rocca A, Zampino G, Vezzulli F, Munblit D, et al. Characteristics and predictors of long Covid in children: a 3-year prospective cohort study. EClinicalMedicine. 2024; 76: 102815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102815
22.
Wongwathanavikrom NB, Tovichien P, Udomittipong K, Palamit A, Tiamduangtawan P, Mahoran K, et al. Incidence and risk factors for long COVID in children with COVID-19 pneumonia. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2024; 59(5): 1330-1338. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.26910
23.
Sarani M, Motamed N, Hatami G, Namvar A, Ravanipour M. Long COVID in children and adolescents: a historical cohort study with a population-based control group from Iran. BMC Infect Dis. 2024; 24(1): 1074. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-09997-4
24.
Seery V, Raiden S, Penedo JMG, Borda M, Herrera L, Uranga M, et al. Persistent symptoms after COVID-19 in children and adolescents from Argentina. Int J Infect Dis. 2023; 129: 49-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2023.01.031
25.
Funk AL, Kuppermann N, Florin TA, Tancredi DJ, Xie J, Kim K, et al. Post-COVID-19 conditions among children 90 days after SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA Netw Open. 2022; 5(7): e2223253. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.23253
26.
Bergia M, Sanchez-Marcos E, Gonzalez-Haba B, Hernaiz AI, de Ceano-Vivas M, García López-Hortelano M, et al. Comparative study shows that 1 in 7 Spanish children with COVID-19 symptoms were still experiencing issues after 12 weeks. Acta Paediatr. 2022; 111(8): 1573-1582. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.16368
27.
Nzale S, Perrin A, Soroken C, Nehme M, Posfay-Barbe KM, L'Huillier AG. Standardized approach to pediatric post-COVID syndrome and its impact on children and adolescents: a perspective from a tertiary center. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2025; 44(3): 228-233. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000004593
28.
Kikkenborg Berg S, Dam Nielsen S, Nygaard U, Bundgaard H, Palm P, Rotvig C, et al. Long COVID symptoms in SARS-CoV-2-positive adolescents and matched controls (LongCOVIDKidsDK): a national, cross-sectional study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2022; 6(4): 240-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(22)00004-9
29.
Brackel CLH, Lap CR, Buddingh EP, van Houten MA, van der Sande LJTM, Langereis EJ, et al. Pediatric long-COVID: an overlooked phenomenon? PediatrPulmonol. 2021; 56(8): 2495-2502. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.25521
30.
Araujo CP, Piva J, VettorettiNicoladeli A, Paniz Hartwig J, Vieira APR, Sica Rocha N, et al. Lifestyle and quality of life in children and adolescents during the Covid-19 social distancing period. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2024; 100(1): 53-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2023.07.006
31.
Wenter A, Schickl M, Sevecke K, Juen B, Exenberger S. Children’s mental health during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic: burden, risk factors and posttraumatic growth – a mixed-methods parents’ perspective. Front. Psychol. 2022; 13: 901205. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.901205
32.
Hagihara H, Yamamoto N, Meng X, Sakata C, Wang J, Watanabe R, et al. COVID-19 school and kindergarten closure relates to children's social relationships: a longitudinal study in Japan. Sci Rep. 2022; 12(1): 814. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-04944-2
Copyright: © 2025 Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biała Podlaska. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
