Introduction
Angiomyofibroblastoma (AMF) is a rare benign myofibroblastic neoplasm which mainly occurs in the soft tissues of the pelvi-perineal region of females. Fletcher et al. described this lesion for the first time in 1992 [1, 2].
In this paper we present the 14th case of AMF reported in the Medline database until the beginning of 2017, as arising in the inguinal region of a male patient [3, 4]. The particularity of the case consists in its incidental finding in the inguinal region’s soft tissue, this mass being preoperatively diagnosed as a hernial sac. The unusual nuclear expression of c-theta (PKCθ) protein, a marker considered to be relatively specific for c-KIT negative gastrointestinal tumours (GIST) was described for the first time in the literature [5]. The criteria of differential diagnosis were also determined.
Case report
A 62-year-old male, previously diagnosed with high blood pressure, gout, haemoptysis and tuberculosis was admitted to the Surgical Department with an irreducible and painless slow growing inguinal mass.
After physical examination and ultrasonography, the case was interpreted as an inguinal hernia with indication for surgery. Laboratory tests presented parameter values within normal ranges, with slightly elevated blood uric acid: 9.52 mg/dl (normal values = 3.6–7 mg/dl).
The patient signed consent to surgical intervention and publication of the case was obtained before surgery. During surgery, a nodular, encapsulated mass was discovered and excised along with lymph nodes from the femoral region.
The macroscopic aspect of the gross specimen revealed an encapsulated nodule measuring 55 × 35 × 25 mm, with a grey, thin, smooth exterior surface and a tan colour cut surface, without haemorrhages or necroses, without infiltrating features (Figure 1).
Figure 1
The angiomyofibroblastoma presented in the inguinal region of a male patient is displayed as an encapsulated solid mass with a tan colour cut surface (A). Microscopically, the well-circumscribed tumour (B) consists on small groups of round, oval-shaped and elongated cells with clear, vacuolated or eosinophilic cytoplasm and pleomorphic hyperchromatic nuclei with no nucleoli (C). The tumour cells are positive for desmin (D), CD34 (E) and oestrogen-receptor (F) and display unusual PKCθ nuclear positivity (G)
Microscopical examination revealed a cellular proliferation with varying density, well-circumscribed by a peripheral loose connective tissue. At high-power view, the tumour was composed from round, oval-shaped and elongated cells of varying dimensions, with clear, vacuolated or eosinophilic cytoplasm, pleomorphic hyperchromatic nuclei with no nucleoli. Cells were arranged in small groups, sometimes cords, bundles and fascicles disposed around small blood vessels and were separated by connective tissue fibers. A few mature adipocytes were present, with no atypia. No necrosis, areas of haemorrhage or atypical mitotic figures were observed. The stroma was well-vascularized by small and medium-size thin-walled blood vessels and presented focal myxoid features (Figure 1).
The tumour cells displayed positivity for desmin, vimentin, CD34, oestrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR), nuclear positivity for PKCθ and a Ki67 proliferation index of about 20%. They were negative for smooth muscle actin (SMA), S100, CD44, maspin, synaptophysin, DOG1 and CD117 (Figure 1). The femoral lymph nodes presented normal histological architecture.
Based on the clinical picture, macroscopic features, microscopic aspects and immunophenotype of tumour cells, the final diagnosis was “Angiomyofibroblastoma”. The patient was discharged without any complications 10 months after surgery.
The AMF is a rare tumour and mostly occurs in females, with a female-to-male ratio of 10 : 1. In men, the tumour can occur in the pelvi-perineal region (spermatic cord, scrotum, perineum, inguinal region) but can also involve the nasal cavity and mediastinum [3, 4].
Discussion
The AMF shares many of its aspects with cellular angiofibroma (CA) and aggressive angiomyxoma (AA). Mitotic activity is absent or low in all of these lesions and due to the overlapping histological and immunohistochemical features, the differential diagnosis becomes problematic. The AMF and CA present a benign behaviour and surgical removal is mostly curative, with exceptional recurrences in cases of incomplete excision. However, as they are well-circumscribed, complete removal is not difficult to be done. In contrast, AA is ill-defined, infiltrates the surrounding tissues and presents a higher risk of recurrence (30–40%) [6–10]. We have enumerated in Table 1 the criteria of differential diagnosis between AMF, CA and AA [1–4, 6, 9–13].
Table 1
Differential diagnosis between angiomyofibroblastoma, cellular angiofibroma and aggressive angiomyxoma [1–4, 6, 9–13]
Although a benign tumour, AA may aggressively infiltrate adjacent structures [7]. In AA without nuclear atypia and/or mitotic figures and low Ki67 index, the AA is diagnosed based on the infiltrative growth features that are absent in AMF. However, the cellular AMF is difficult to be differentiated from AA [8]. In the present case, stroma presented myxoid foci but well-defined margins and absence of recurrences allowed the diagnosis of AMF. As AMF may co-exist with AA, the correct diagnosis is sometimes established after recurrences only [8].
Differential diagnosis of AMF also includes superficial angiomyxoma, spindle cell lipoma and solitary fibrous tumour. In superficial angiomyxoma, the inflammatory cells represented mostly by neutrophils and infrequent embedded epithelial components are indicators of the diagnosis. In spindle cell lipoma, the adipose tissue is the main component and the lesion is mostly identified in the head and neck regions. In solitary fibrous tumour, the blood vessels are elongated or ramified and display a staghorn architecture [11]. A lipomatous variant of AMF with presence of adipocytes ≥ 30% and possible sarcomatous transformation was also described. The pleomorphic lipoblasts present S100 positivity and do not display positivity for ER [12, 13].
The immunoprofile of tumour cells may also be helpful to differentiate AMF from CA and AA (Table 1). In patients with AMF, positivity of tumour cells for ER and PR may suggest a hormone-dependent tumour growth. McCluggage et al. presented the case of a 35-year-old female patient diagnosed with an ER-positive AA. The large ill-defined tumour mass infiltrating the pelvic area was incompletely excised due to the fact that the patient was not amenable to undergo further surgical interventions. This patient received gonadotropin-releasing hormone injections, a hormone that has hypoestrogenic effects and as a result, repeated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans showed a continuous decrease in size of the tumour, until complete resolution [14]. Hormone therapy was not taken into consideration in our case because complete surgical excision was possible.
A question that remains unanswered in this case is the positive nuclear reaction to PKCθ. It usually marks the cytoplasm of c-KIT negative GISTs and is considered as a diagnostic tool for these tumours. Infrequent cytoplasmic positivity was reported for leiomyomas, schwannomas, leiomyosarcomas, and desmoid tumours [15]. This is the first report revealing PKCθ nuclear expression in AMF. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the significance of this positivity.
