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Review paper

Calcipotriene/betamethasone dipropionate foam: primary evidence supporting its use in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. A narrative review

Joanna Narbutt
1
,
Rafał Czajkowski
2
,
Aleksandra Lesiak
1
,
Witold Owczarek
3
,
Adam Reich
4
,
Jacek C. Szepietowski
5

1.
Department of Dermatology, Paediatric Dermatology and Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
2.
Clinic of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Immunodermatology, Faculty of Medicine in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
3.
Department of Dermatology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
4.
Department of Dermatology, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
5.
Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
Adv Dermatol Allergol 2021; XXXVIII (5): 727-733
Online publish date: 2021/11/05
Article files
- Calcipotriene.pdf  [0.16 MB]
- Piana zawierająca.pdf  [0.17 MB]
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Introduction

Psoriasis vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Psoriatic lesions can be small and confined to a small area, or they can cover large areas of the body. The disease has a substantial impact on all aspects of patients’ quality of life. In most patients (approximately 80%), lesions are mild to moderate [1]. According to epidemiological studies, the prevalence of psoriasis in the adult population ranges between 0.09% and 11.4%, while in most developed countries, prevalence is between 1.5% and 5%. The disease imposes a significant burden on both the healthcare system and society in general [2].

Among drugs recommended by the Polish Dermatological Society in the therapy of mild psoriasis of the body, the most common treatment involves a D3 vitamin derivative – calcipotriene (Cal) in combination with a synthetic glucocorticoid – betamethasone dipropionate (BD). A combination of calcipotriene and betamethasone dipropionate has a more potent effect than either constituent alone [3]. Currently, preparations containing Cal/BD are available in three different formulations: ointment, gel and foam. Cal/BD ointment and gel, which have been registered first, have well-documented efficacy in the topical treatment of psoriasis [4, 5]. However, psoriasis is not adequately controlled in a significant number of patients, as therapeutic success depends not only on the drug efficacy, but also on the patient adherence, which is contingent on satisfaction with treatment. Regular use of topical medications is greatly affected by treatment vehicle, which may be found difficult to accept by patients (as too greasy, smelling unpleasant or time-consuming to apply) and the onset of treatment effect. The prolonged onset of action may discourage patients from using topical drugs regularly [6, 7]. The aerosol foam vehicle with emollient properties applied once daily, has been developed to expand the available therapeutic options in the topical treatment of psoriasis. Even though the Cal/BD concentration in foam is the same as in ointment or gel, the novel formulation of the drug determines its unique properties, which translates into clinical outcomes.

Cal/BD foam pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

The efficacy of topical therapy depends, in particular, on the skin penetration of active ingredients and thus their bioavailability. After the evaporation of propellants, active substances may either remain in the solution to create a supersaturated environment or crystallise. Cal/BD foam and ointment formulations were compared for the ability of active ingredients to penetrate the skin. Crystals were absent for at least 26 h in the supersaturated Cal/BD solution created by aerosol foam, while both calcipotriene and betamethasone crystals appeared immediately after application of ointment [8]. The skin penetration and bioavailability of Cal and BD from aerosol foam and ointment formulations were determined by in vitro and ex vivo assays, respectively. Administration of the final Cal/BD foam formulation led to significantly higher levels of Cal (p = 0.001) and BD (p = 0.002) in the pig ear skin compared with ointment. It was also demonstrated in ex vivo conditions that a more significant amount of Cal and BD diffused into the skin from the supersaturated solution of foam compared with ointment [9].

There are significant pharmacodynamic differences between various Cal/BD formulations despite the same dose of both ingredients. The degree of skin blanching (vasoconstriction assay) is a measure of the potency of a corticosteroid and its ability to diffuse into the skin [10]. Phase I clinical trials demonstrated that Cal/BD foam had enhanced vasoconstrictor potency compared with Cal/BD ointment (p = 0.001) and moderately potent corticosteroid ointments: fluocinolone acetonide (p < 0.001) [11] and hydrocortisone butyrate (p < 0.001) [12]. Simultaneously, the degree of skin blanching with Cal/BD foam was similar to BD ointment and BD foam (p = 0.30 and p = 0.83, respectively) and significantly lower compared with very potent corticosteroids, such as clobetasol propionate cream (p < 0.001) [11, 12].

Cal/BD foam efficacy in clinical studies

The efficacy of a 4-week treatment with Cal/BD foam was determined in controlled phase II and phase III studies, which involved a total of approximately 1,100 patients with psoriasis vulgaris (Table 1) [1315]. The primary endpoint in these studies was the rate of treatment success defined as at least a two-step improvement on the five-point physician’s global assessment (PGA) of disease severity scale at week 4. In practice, this meant achieving ‘clear’ skin for patients with the baseline PGA of mild and ‘clear’ or ‘almost clear’ skin for patients with the baseline PGA of moderate or severe.

Table 1

Methodology of key randomized clinical efficacy and safety trials of Cal/BD foam in patients with psoriasis

StudyStudy designDurationN Main inclusion criteriaTreatment arms (n)Primary endpoint
Lebwohl 2016 [13]Phase II, randomized, DB, parallel-group, multicenter4 weeks302Age ≥ 18 years
At least ‘mild’ disease*
BSA ≤ 30% (trunk, limbs and scalp)
mPASI ≥ 2 (trunk and/or limbs)
Cal/BD foam qd (100)
Cal qd (101)
Foam vehicle qd (101)
Treatment success: proportion of patients who were ‘clear’ or ‘almost clear’ with a ≥ 2 grade improvement in PGA
Koo 2016 [14]Phase II, randomized, IB, parallel-group, multicenter4 weeks376Age ≥ 18 years
At least ‘mild’ disease*
BSA 2–30%
mPASI ≥ 2 (trunk and/or limbs)
Cal/BD foam qd (141)
Cal/BD ointment qd (135)
Foam vehicle qd (49)
Ointment vehicle qd (51)
PSO-FAST
(2015) [15]
Phase III, randomized, DB, parallel-group multicenter4 weeks426Age ≥ 18 years
At least ‘mild’ disease*
BSA 2–30%
mPASI ≥ 2 (trunk and/or limbs)
Cal/BD foam qd (323)
Foam vehicle qd (103)
PSO-ABLE
(2017) [16]
Phase III, randomized, IB, parallel-group, multicenter12 weeks463Age ≥ 18 years
Mild-to-severe disease*
BSA 2–30% (trunk, limbs)
mPASI ≥ 2 (trunk and/or limbs)
Cal/CD foam qd (183)
Cal/BD gel qd (188)
Foam vehicle qd (47)
Gel vehicle qd (43)
PSO-LONG
(2020) [18]
Phase III, randomized, DB, parallel-group, multicenter4 weeks open-label lead-in phase
52 weeks randomized maintenance phase
650Age ≥ 18 years
At least ‘mild’ disease*
BSA 2-30%
mPASI ≥ 2 (trunk and/or limbs)
Lead-in phase: Cal/BD qd (650)
Randomized maintenance phase: Cal/BD proactive treatment biw (272)
Cal/BD reactive treatment biw (273)
Time to first relapse defined as PGA score at least mild in patients previously ‘clear’ or ‘almost clear’

* According to PGA; Cal – calcipotriol 50 μg/g, BD – betamethasone 0.5 mg/g as dipropionate, biw – twice a week, BSA – body surface area, DB – double blind, IB – investor blind, mPASI – modified Psoriasis Area and Severity Index, N – number of participants, n – number of participants in the treatment arm, PGA – Physician’s Global Assessment, qd – every day.

In a phase II study, Lebwohl et al. compared the efficacy of Cal/BD foam versus monotherapies with Cal and BD in the same vehicle [13]. The study recruited adult patients with at least moderate psoriasis of the trunk and limbs or psoriasis of the scalp. At week 4, 45.0% of Cal/BD foam patients achieved treatment success compared with 14.9% of patients treated with Cal foam alone (p < 0.001) and 30.7% of patients treated with BD foam alone (p = 0.047). Treatment success of the scalp psoriasis with Cal/BD foam was significantly greater than with Cal foam (53.0% vs. 35.6%; p = 0.021), but not BD foam (47.5%; p = 0.45). Mean modified psoriasis area and severity index (mPASI) score improved in all groups from baseline, with statistically significant differences between Cal/BD foam versus both Cal foam and BD foam (p < 0.001 for either comparison) [13].

Another phase II study by Koo et al. compared the efficacy of Cal/BD foam with Cal/BD ointment in patients with psoriasis of the limbs and trunk [14]. It showed that 54.6% of patients using Cal/BD foam achieved treatment success compared with 43.0% of those using Cal/BD ointment (p = 0.025). Patients using Cal/BD foam achieved significantly lower mPASI score at week 4 compared to patients using Cal/BD ointment. Furthermore, a more significant proportion of patients using Cal/BD foam achieved a 50% or a 75% reduction in mPASI score than ointment-treated patients. However, the difference between the groups was not statistically significant (Table 2) [14].

Table 2

Efficacy of Cal/BD foam in the key phase II and III randomized clinical trials in patients with psoriasis

StudyComparisonAssessment time pointTreatment success*Difference in mean mPASI (95% CI)Proportion of patients achieving mPASI75Proportion of patients achieving mPASI50Difference in mean intensity of itch on VAS§ (95% CI)
RateOR (95% CI)
Lebwohl 2016 [13]Cal/BD foam vs. Cal foam4 weeks45.0% vs. 14.9%4.34 (2.16–8.72)
p < 0.001
–2.03 (–2.63; –1.43)
p < 0.001
49% vs. 18%
p < 0.001
80% vs. 44%
p ≤ 0.003
–15.3 (–21.4; –9.1)
p < 0.001
Cal/BD foam vs. BD foam4 weeks45.0% vs. 30.7%1.81 (1.00–3.26)
p = 0.047
–1.19 (–1.80; 0.59)
p < 0.001
49% vs. 34%
p = NS
80% vs. 59%
p ≤ 0.003
–3.2 (–9.4; 3.0)
p = 0.31
Koo 2016 [14]Cal/BD foam vs. Cal/BD ointment4 weeks54.6% vs. 43.0%1.7 (1.1–2.8)
p = 0.025
–0.6 (–1.1; –0.2)
p = 0.005
50.4% vs. 40.7%
p = 0.052
80.9% vs. 74.8%
p = 0.17
–3.3 (NR)
p = NR
PSO-FAST [15, 21]Cal/BD foam vs. foam vehicle4 weeks53.3% vs. 4.8%30.3 (9.7–94.3)
p < 0.001
–3.3 (–3.9; –2.7)
p < 0.001
52.9% vs. 8.2%
p < 0.001
82.3% vs. 28.0%
p < 0.001
–20.4 (–25.2; 15.6)
p < 0.001
PSO-ABLE [16, 23]Cal/BD foam vs. Cal/BD gel4 weeks Cal/BD foam vs. 8 weeks Cal/BD gel38.3% vs. 22.5%2.55 (1.46–4.46)
p < 0.001
–0.59 (–1.11; –0.06)
p = 0.028
52.1% vs. 34.6%
p < 0.001
–1.93 (–5.78; 1.93)
p = 0.33

* Primary endpoint in all studies;

§ on 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) where 0 – none, 100 – most severe, Cal – calcipotriol 50 μg/g, BD – betamethasone 0.5 mg/g as dipropionate, DLQI – Dermatology Life Quality Index, mPASI – modified Psoriasis Area and Severity Index, NR – not reported, NS – not significant, OR – odds ratio.

A phase III study, PSO-FAST, compared Cal/BD foam with foam vehicle (placebo). Patients with at least mild severity psoriasis of the trunk and limbs were enrolled [15]. At week 4, treatment success was achieved in 53.3% of patients using Cal/BD foam versus 4.8% of those using foam vehicle alone (p < 0.001). A reduction in mPASI score was observed at week 1 of Cal/BD treatment versus no active regimen. At week 4 of Cal/BD foam treatment versus vehicle, both a significantly higher mean reduction in mPASI score (71.9% vs. 25.8%; p < 0.001) and a substantially higher proportion of patients with a decrease in mPASI score by at least 75% and 50% were reported (Table 2) [15].

The efficacy of Cal/BD foam was also assessed versus Cal/BD gel in a 12-week phase III study, PSO-ABLE (Table 1) [16]. The study involved patients with mild to severe psoriasis (according to PGA) who were amenable to topical therapy. The primary endpoint (treatment success) was defined in a similar way as in previous studies, and the principal analysis concerned the efficacy of 4-week foam treatment compared with 8-week gel treatment. The treatment success rate was by 15.8% higher among foam-treated patients compared with those treated with gel (p < 0.001; Table 2). Cal/BD foam provided superior efficacy across all three groups of baseline intensity of psoriatic lesions, namely mild (18.9% vs. 0%), moderate (44.8% vs. 31.6%) and severe (50.0% vs. 15.8%). The median time to treatment success with foam was 6 weeks and could not be determined for gel (as the 12-week treatment period was too short to achieve the primary endpoint in 50% of patients in this group). Mean mPASI was lower in the Cal/BD foam group than in the gel group at each time point throughout the observation period. At the same time a reduction in mPASI score from baseline was significantly higher for 4-week Cal/BD foam treatment versus 8-week Cal/BD gel treatment (p = 0.028). Furthermore, foam treatment at week 4 versus gel treatment at week 8 markedly more often led to a statistically significant reduction in mPASI at all levels: mPASI50 (p = 0.005), mPASI75 (p = 0.001) and mPASI90 (p = 0.009) [16]. Superior efficacy of Cal/BD foam in comparison with Cal/BD gel observed in the overall PSO-ABLE population was also maintained in a sub-group of patients with more severe disease manifestations. In a post hoc analysis from PSO-ABLE limited to patients with mild to severe psoriasis, a significantly greater proportion of Cal/BD foam-treated patients versus those treated with gel achieved mPASI75 at weeks 4 (p = 0.001), 8 (p < 0.001) and 12 (p = 0.006) and mPASI90 at weeks 4 (p = 0.02) and 8 (p = 0.012) [17].

The PSO-LONG study investigated the efficacy of long-term maintenance treatment of psoriasis with Cal/BD foam versus vehicle (no active management; Table 1) [18]. Eligible for the study were patients who had previously achieved treatment success after 4 weeks of Cal/BD foam treatment. Maintenance phase treatment involved Cal/BD foam (proactive management) or vehicle (reactive management) twice-weekly for 52 weeks on psoriatic lesions that had cleared during the open-label lead-in phase. The primary endpoint was the time to the first relapse defined as at least mild psoriasis on the five-point PGA scale. Upon the relapse, patients from either group received rescue treatment with Cal/BD foam once daily for 4 weeks. The PSO-LONG study results demonstrated that long-term treatment with Cal/BD foam was superior in prolonging time to the first relapse and reducing the number of relapses. Median time to the first relapse was 56 days in the proactive management group compared to 30 days in the reactive management group, and the risk of experiencing the relapse was reduced by 43% (HR = 0.57; 95% CI: 47–69%; p < 0.001). In addition, proactive management with Cal/BD foam tended to reduce the number of rebounds of increased severity compared to baseline (i.e. mPASI ≥ 125% of the baseline value). The number of patients with rebounds and an increase in mPASI ≥ 125% was over four times lower in the proactive group versus the reactive group (4 vs. 17). Patients receiving long-term Cal/BD foam treatment had additional 41 days in remission (i.e. PGA < 2) per year compared with the reactive group (p < 0.001). The positive health effects required a total of 37.5 additional Cal/BD foam treatment days per year [18]. The dropout rate throughout the observation period of the PSO-LONG study was 53.9%. However, this was within the expected range and had been reported previously in other long-term studies of Cal/BD [19].

Cal/BD foam impact on patients’ quality of life in clinical studies

Determinants of quality of life in patients with psoriasis have been well established. The most troublesome symptom is an itch, and release from itch is an essential need for around 75% of patients with psoriasis [20]. The itch can disturb sleep and increase stress and feeling of stigmatisation, while the presence of visible skin lesions can impair patients’ self-esteem and mood.

In clinical trials, the impact of Cal/BD foam treatment on itch was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). No statistically significant differences in patient-reported severity of itching on the VAS scale were observed at week 4 between the Cal/BD foam group and the groups treated with Cal/BD gel, Cal/BD ointment or BD foam [13, 14, 16]. However, 4-week Cal/BD foam treatment provided a significant reduction in the intensity of itching versus Cal foam alone (p = 0.002) [13]. Itch relief occurred relatively quickly: on day 5, a ≥ 70% reduction from baseline was reported in 53% of patients treated with Cal/BD foam [21]. Pooled analysis of three 4-week trials indicated that Cal/BD foam versus vehicle (no active treatment) led to rapid itch alleviation in the most affected sub-group, i.e. patients with baseline itch VAS > 40 (n = 484). In this sub-group, at least 70% itch reduction from baseline was achieved in 79.3% of foam-treated patients versus 38.1% of vehicle-treated patients (p < 0.001) [22]. Furthermore, pooled data from PSO-ABLE and PSO-FAST trials indicated that 4-week Cal/BD foam treatment demonstrated statistically significant superiority over reactive treatment in reducing itch-related sleep loss by at least 70% from baseline on the VAS scale (p < 0.001) [22]. There was no significant difference in reducing itch-related sleep loss between Cal/BD foam and Cal/BD gel [23].

The quality of life of patients with psoriasis is commonly evaluated using the disease-specific Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire. DLQI has been used in over 40 different skin conditions. The score ranges between 0 and 30 (the higher the score, the more quality of life is impaired by a skin condition) [24]. The 4-week Cal/BD foam treatment provided a significant improvement in quality of life measured with DLQI compared to Cal foam (p < 0.001) or no active regimen (p < 0.001) [21] and did not differ from treatment with Cal/BD gel [23] or BD foam [13]. In the PSO-ABLE study, significantly more Cal/BD foam patients achieved DLQI scores, indicating no psoriasis-related impairment in quality of life (score 0 or 1; 45.7%) at week 4 than Cal/BD gel patients (32.4%; p = 0.013). A similar outcome was reported at week 12: patients treated with Cal/BD foam more frequently achieved DLQI scores indicating no quality of life impairment (0 or 1) than those treated with gel (60.5% vs. 44.1%; p = 0.003) [23].

The DLQI is not the only tool that can be used to assess the quality of life of patients with psoriasis. Another commonly used questionnaire is the Psoriasis Quality of Life Questionnaire-12 (PQoL-12), which comprises 12 questions to assess how the disease affects self-confidence, feeling of helplessness, embarrassment and emotional well-being, as well as the intensity of itching, irritation and pain of the skin. The PQoL-12 total score ranges from 0 to 120, where the higher score indicates the lower quality of life [25]. In the PSO-ABLE study, Cal/BD foam treatment demonstrated a significantly greater improvement in quality of life measured with the PQoL-12 questionnaire from baseline to week 4 versus Cal/BD gel (p = 0.029). The progress maintained until the end of the observation period, i.e. week 12, but the difference between the groups was no longer statistically significant [23].

The quality of life of patients with psoriasis can also be assessed using generic questionnaires, such as the EQ-5D-5L. In the PSO-FAST study, Cal/BD foam significantly improved the general quality of life measured with the EQ-5D-5L Index at week 4 versus no active treatment (p = 0.005). At week 4, a proportion of patients treated with Cal/BD foam who reported no pain/discomfort (one of the questionnaire domains) more than doubled from baseline, and was significantly higher compared with the group receiving no active treatment (68.4% vs. 43.0%; p < 0.001). Mean changes in general quality of life after 4 weeks of Cal/BD foam treatment were the same regardless of the baseline severity of the disease (i.e. 0.08 for mild, moderate or severe psoriasis) [21]. In order to measure the treatment impact on the key problems related to psoriasis, a disease-specific version of the generic EQ-5D questionnaire was developed, which includes two additional dimensions: skin irritation and self-confidence (EQ-5D-5L-PSO). In the PSO-ABLE study, Cal/BD foam significantly improved the general quality of life measured with the EQ-5D-5L-PSO Index at week 4 versus Cal/BD gel (p < 0.001). At weeks 8 and 12, quality of life improvement in the Cal/BD foam group continued to be higher than in the Cal/BD gel group, but the difference was not statistically significant [23].

As it is a chronic disease, any relapse or flare of psoriasis negatively affects patients’ quality of life measured with both generic quality of life questionnaires (EQ-5D) or dermatology-specific questionnaires (DLQI, PQoL-12). Therefore, maintaining long-term remission is crucial to improving not only the clinical effects of treatment but also patients’ quality of life [26, 27].

Safety in clinical studies

Topical treatment of psoriasis with corticosteroids and vitamin D analogues is commonly used. Still, their long-term application on large areas of the body can cause both topical and systemic adverse reactions. Randomised clinical trials demonstrated that 4-week Cal/BD foam treatment is well tolerated. No statistically significant differences in the frequency of occurrence of adverse events (AEs) or adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were reported during Cal/BD foam treatment versus active comparators (Cal/BD ointment, Cal/BD gel and each component as monotherapy in foam vehicle) or placebo [1315]. According to a pooled analysis of 4-week studies, the most common AEs were reported in less than 1% of patients treated with Cal/BD foam. They included rhinitis, application-site pain and skin irritation [28]. Most AEs were mild to moderate. The rate of ADRs reported during Cal/BD foam treatment was low, ranging from 0.7% [14] to 7.6% [16]. Also, throughout 12-week Cal/BD foam treatment, most AEs were mild to moderate, and their rate was similar to that among Cal/BD gel patients [16]. Phase III clinical studies confirmed that either 4-week or 12-week Cal/BD foam treatment had no impact on calcium homeostasis [1316].

Cal/BD foam was well tolerated during long term maintenance treatment. No new safety concerns in addition to those reported during short-term treatment were identified over a 52-week study. Adverse events were primarily mild, and their rate was low. AEs reported in > 5% of patients were upper respiratory tract infections, which were considered not related to the trial drug by the investigators. No cases of skin atrophy were reported. Proactive management with Cal/BD foam had no clinically relevant effect on the HPA axis or calcium metabolism. The rates of serious AEs and treatment-related AEs per 100 patient-years were similar in the proactive (Cal/BD) group and the reactive (vehicle) group (8.3 vs 7.9 and 2.8 vs. 4.5, respectively) [18].

Real-world clinical efficacy

The positive effects of Cal/BD foam treatment are reflected in real-world clinical practice. A prospective observational study conducted in Germany determined the efficacy of 4-week Cal/BD foam treatment in 410 patients with psoriasis [28, 29]. After 4 weeks of treatment with Cal/BD foam, the severity of psoriasis, according to investigator global assessment (IGA), was significantly lower compared to baseline (p < 0.001). The most significant clinical benefit was reported in patients with severe psoriasis (IGA = 4 at baseline). The rate of treatment success (defined as clear/almost clear and at least 2-step improvement in the IGA score) was almost two times higher in this sub-group than in the overall population (43% vs. 24%). The 4-weeks Cal/BD foam treatment resulted in a significant reduction in PASI, IGA and the affected body surface area (BSA) from baseline (p < 0.001 for each comparison). In addition, after 4 weeks of treatment with Cal/BD foam, 43% of patients stated that psoriasis had no influence on their quality of life (DLQI = 0/1) compared to 10% at baseline [29]. Furthermore, a prospective study conducted in Spain determined satisfaction with Cal/BD foam among psoriatic patients with BSA at < 30%. After 4 weeks of treatment with Cal/BD foam, about 84% of patients were at least satisfied with its ability to prevent or relieve symptoms, according to the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication (TSQM-9). Most patients (over 80%) thought the aerosol foam was easy or very easy to apply [30].

In clinical practice, most physicians recommend Cal/BD foam in the treatment of mild to moderate psoriasis. However, the German study demonstrated that also patients with severe psoriasis could benefit from Cal/BD foam treatment. About 16% of patients had already received systemic therapy before. Despite the failure of systemic therapies in the past, those patients benefited from treatment with Cal/BD foam, as only 5.8% of patients terminated it prematurely due to treatment failure [29].

Conclusions

Randomised clinical trials demonstrated that a fixed combination of calcipotriene and betamethasone dipropionate in foam vehicle is effective in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. Its efficacy is superior to ointment and gel formulation for most endpoints related to a reduction in the severity of psoriasis, while maintaining a good safety profile. Rapid onset of action accompanied by high acceptability of foam formulation among patients can translate into better adherence and, consequently, higher efficacy of treatment in real-world clinical practice. The results of real-world studies are consistent with those of clinical trials and confirm that Cal/BD foam is effective over the entire range of severity of psoriasis – as the first-choice drug in the therapy of mild to moderate psoriasis or adjunctive treatment in systemic therapy of severe psoriasis. PSO-LONG study results confirmed that proactive management with Cal/BD foam can provide more extended remission periods compared with traditional reactive management (in which treatment is administered only after lesions appear). This can be considered a milestone for long-term psoriasis management.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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