Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii

Drug-facilitated sexual assault (spiking) in Poland: risk perception, knowledge, and bystander intentions

Andrzej Silczuk 1
,
Agata Olearczyk 2
,
Mirosława Palak 3
,
Agnieszka Kamińska 4
,
Łukasz Czyżewski 5

  1. Department of Community Psychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

  2. Health Innovation Unit, SGH Warsaw School of Economics, Warsaw, Poland

  3. SexEDPL Foundation, Warsaw, Poland

  4. Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

  5. Department of Geriatric Nursing, Faculty of Life Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

Adv Psychiatry Neurol 2026; 35 (3): 170-179

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/ppn.2026.164881
Data publikacji online: 2026/09/22
Plik artykułu
PPiN-00600-Drug-facilitated.pdf
  1. Heskin J, Lyons A, Selwyn B, Cohen CE, Volpellier M. Drug-facilitated sexual assault-changing the language. Lancet 2025; 406: 1723-1724.
  2. Silczuk A, Płaza O, Łukasiewicz P, Madejek R, Olearczyk A, Palak M, et al. Sexual violence in party-related social settings from a public health perspective: a cross-sectional study among adults in Poland. Healthcare (Basel) 2025; 13: 2963. DOI: 10.3390/healthcare13222963.
  3. Recalde-Esnoz I, Prego-Meleiro P, Montalvo G, Del Castillo H. Drug-facilitated sexual assault: a systematic review. Trauma Violence Abuse 2024; 25: 1814-1825.
  4. Wang T, Nielsen KL, Frisch K, Lassen JK, Nielsen CB, Andersen CU, et al. A retrospective metabolomics analysis of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in humans: new potential markers and changes in metabolism related to GHB consumption. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13: 816376. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.816376.
  5. Pérez Orts M, van Asten A, Kohler I. The evolution toward designer benzodiazepines in drug-facilitated sexual assault cases. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47: 1-25.
  6. Lynam M, Keatley D, Maker G, Coumbaros J. The prevalence of selected licit and illicit drugs in drug facilitated sexual assaults. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2024; 9: 100545. DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2024.100545.
  7. Quigg Z, Bates R, Butler N, Smith C, Wilson C, Atkinson A, Bellis MA, et al. Sexual violence in nightlife and positive bystander intervention in an English city. BMC Public Health 2024; 24: 157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-17642-7.
  8. Chalmers K, Hollender M, Spurr L, Parameswaran R, Dussault N, Farnan J, et al. Emergency department preparedness to care for sexual assault survivors: a nationwide study. West J Emerg Med 2023; 24: 629-636.
  9. Bannon RS, Foubert JD. The bystander approach to sexual assault risk reduction: effects on risk recognition, perceived self-efficacy, and protective behavior. Violence Vict 2017; 32: 46-59.
  10. Statistics Poland. Demographic yearbook of Poland. 2024. Available online at: https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/statistical-yearbooks/statistical-yearbooks/demographic-yearbook-of-poland-2024,3,18.html (Accessed: 02.02.2025).
  11. Lewandowska A, Silczuk A, Mularczyk-Tomczewska P, Duda-Zalewska A, Jankowski M, Gujski M. Awareness of mental disorders and their risk factors – a nationwide cross-sectional survey among adults in Poland. Front Psychiatry 2025; 16: 1599683. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1599683.
  12. Silczuk A, Lewandowska A, Baran T, Koweszko T, Mularczyk-Tomczewska P, Gujska J, et al. Sociocultural correlates and epidemiological patterns of non-alcoholic beer consumption: a cross-sectional study in Poland. BMJ Open 2025; 15: e100408. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-100408.
  13. Mularczyk-Tomczewska P, Lewandowska A, Kamińska A, Gałecka M, Atroszko PA, Baran T, et al. Patterns of energy drink use, risk perception, and regulatory attitudes in the adult Polish population: results of a cross-sectional survey. Nutrients 2025; 17: 1458. DOI: 10.3390/nu17091458.
  14. McGregor MJ, Ericksen J, Ronald LA, Janssen PA, Van Vliet A, Schulzer M. Rising incidence of hospital-reported drug-facilitated sexual assault in a large urban community in Canada. Retrospective population-based study. Can J Public Health 2004; 95: 441-445.
  15. Du Mont J, Macdonald S, Rotbard N, Asllani E, Bainbridge D, Cohen MM. Factors associated with suspected drug-facilitated sexual assault. CMAJ 2009; 180: 513-519.
  16. Du Mont J, Macdonald S, Rotbard N, Bainbridge D, Asllani E, Smith N, Cohen MM. Drug-facilitated sexual assault in Ontario, Canada: toxicological and DNA findings. J Forensic Leg Med 2010; 17: 333-338.
  17. Kilpatrick DG, Resnick HS, Ruggiero KJ, Conoscenti LM, McCauley J. Drug-facilitated, incapacitated, and forcible rape: a national study. Charleston (SC): Medical University of South Carolina, National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center; 2007. Available: www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/219181.pdf
  18. Du Mont J, Macdonald S, Kosa D. An examination of victim, assailant, and assault characteristics among cases classified as predatory drug-facilitated sexual assault. Womens Health Issues 2016; 26: 393-400.
  19. Wille SMR, Van Dijck K, Van Assche A, Di Fazio V, Ramiréz-Fernandéz MdM, Vanvooren V, Samyn N. The interest of a systematic toxicological analysis combined with forensic advice to improve the judicial investigation and final judgment in drug facilitated sexual assault cases. Pharmaceuticals 2021; 14: 432. DOI: 10.3390/ph14050432.
  20. Anderson LJ, Flynn A, Pilgrim JL. A global epidemiological perspective on the toxicology of drug-facilitated sexual assault: a systematic review. J Forensic Leg Med 2017; 47: 46-54.
  21. Eassey C, Hughes CE, Wadds P, de Andrade D, Barratt MJ. A systematic review of interventions that impact alcohol and other drug-related harms in licensed entertainment settings and outdoor music festivals. Harm Reduct J 2024; 21: 47. DOI: 10.1186/s12954-024-00949-4.
  22. Rasmussen M, Busch JR, Henningsen MJ, Banner J. Risk factors associated with drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) compared with non-DFSA – a systematic review. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2025; 21: 1370-1385.
  23. Prego-Meleiro P, Recalde-Esnoz I, Sordo L, Del Castillo H, García-Ruiz C, Montalvo G, López-Cuadrado T. Drug-facilitated sexual assault in youth nightlife contexts in Spain. Public Health 2024; 233: 157-163.
  24. Leone RM, Haikalis M, Parrott DJ, DiLillo D. Bystander intervention to prevent sexual violence: the overlooked role of bystander alcohol intoxication. Psychol Violence 2018; 8: 639-647.
  25. Park S, Woo H, Kim SH. A systematic review and meta-analysis of bystander’s barriers to intervene in gender-based violence and the role of failed prior attempts. Trauma Violence Abuse 2024; 25: 1998-2011.
  26. Jouriles EN, Krauss A, Vu NL, Banyard VL, McDonald R. Bystander programs addressing sexual violence on college campuses: a systematic review and meta-analysis of program outcomes and delivery methods. J Am Coll Health 2018; 66: 457-466.
  27. Bouchard J, Wong JS, Lee C. Fostering college students’ responsibility as prosocial bystanders to sexual violence prevention: a meta-analysis of the Bringing in the Bystander program. J Am Coll Health 2024; 72: 3410-3422.
  28. Katz J, Moore J. Bystander education training for campus sexual assault prevention: an initial meta-analysis. Violence Vict 2013; 28: 1054-1067.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). License allowing third parties to download and share its works but not commercially purposes or to create derivative works.
ZGŁASZANIE PRAC
Udostępnij
without publication fees
Dostępne w
Indeksowane w
pubmed
Zintergrowane z
Zasady redakcyjne
Sarajevo Declaration on Integrity and Visibility of Scholarly Publications