1. Boniface K, Seneschal J, Picardo M, et al. Vitiligo: focus on clinical aspects, immunopathogenesis, and therapy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2018; 54: 52-67.
2.
Passeron T. Medical and maintenance treatments for vitiligo. Dermatol Clin 2017; 35: 163-70.
3.
Bae JM, Kwon SH, Ju HJ, et al. Suberythemic and erythemic doses of a 308-nm excimer laser treatment of stable vitiligo in combination with topical tacrolimus: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 83: 1463-4.
4.
Sarkar R, Dogra S, Vinay K, et al. Topical tacrolimus in vitiligo: consensus paper from the Pigmentary Disorders Society. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2024; 17: 2875-86.
5.
Alegre-Sánchez A, Jiménez-Gómez N, Boixeda P. Laser-assisted drug delivery. Actas Dermosifiliogr 2018; 109: 858-67.
6.
Giorgio CM, Caccavale S, Fulgione E, et al. Efficacy of microneedling and photodynamic therapy in vitiligo. Dermatol Surg 2019; 45: 1424-6.
7.
AlJasser MI, Altalhab S. Controlled depth of needling using simple injection needles. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 83: e331-2.
8.
Nofal A, Fawzy MM, Alakad R. The use of trichloroacetic acid as a depigmenting therapy in universal vitiligo. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2021; 19: 241-6.
9.
Sorour NE, Nazmy NN, Abdullah EA. Vitiligo and different treatment modalities. Benha J Appl Sci 2024; 9: 25-9.
10.
Wanitphakdeedecha R, Ungaksornpairote C, Kaewkes A, et al. The efficacy of two formulations of botulinum toxin type A for masseter reduction: a split-face comparison study. J Dermatolog Treat 2017; 28: 443-6.
11.
Nigam PK, Nigam A. Botulinum toxin. Indian J Dermatol 2010; 55: 8-14.
12.
Enkhtaivan E, Lee CH. Role of amine neurotransmitters and their receptors in skin pigmentation: therapeutic implication. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22: 8071.
13.
Wu Q, Xia Y, Dai K, et al. Solar light induces the release of acetylcholine from skin keratinocytes affecting melanogenesis. FASEB J 2020; 34: 8941-58.
14.
Waghule T, Singhvi G, Dubey SK, et al. Microneedles: a smart approach and increasing potential for transdermal drug delivery system. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 109: 1249-58.
15.
Gauthier Y, Lepreux S, Cario-Andre M, et al. Varicella-zoster virus in actively spreading segmental vitiligo skin: pathological, immunochemical, and ultrastructural findings (a first and preliminary study). Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2023; 36: 78-85.
16.
Nofal A, Eldeeb F, Shalaby M, et al. Microneedling combined with pimecrolimus, 5-fluorouracil, and trichloroacetic acid in the treatment of vitiligo: a comparative study. Dermatol Ther 2022; 35: e15294.
17.
Attwa EM, Khashaba SA, Ezzat NA. Evaluation of the additional effect of topical 5-fluorouracil to needling in the treatment of localized vitiligo. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 19: 1473-8.
18.
Kohli I, Isedeh P, Al-Jamal M, et al. Three-dimensional imaging of vitiligo. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24: 879-80.
19.
Njoo MD, Das PK, Bos JD, et al. Association of the Köbner phenomenon with disease activity and therapeutic responsiveness in vitiligo vulgaris. Arch Dermatol 1999; 135: 407-13.
20.
Zahra FT, Adil M, Amin SS, et al. Efficacy of topical 5% 5-fluorouracil with needling versus 5% 5-fluorouracil alone in stable vitiligo: a randomized controlled study. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2020; 13: 197-203.
21.
El-Mofty M, Mostafa WZ, Esmat S, et al. Site-oriented depigmentation in vitiligo patients using Q-switched Nd: YAG laser (1,064/532 nm), cryotherapy and chemical peels: a comparative study. Dermatol Ther 2019; 32: e13052.
22.
Gaafar R. Screening for psychological burden of vitiligo using Vitiligo Impact Scale. Egypt J Hospital Med 2018; 70: 1289-94.
23.
Sharquie KE, Salman HA, Yaseen AK. Psoriasis and vitiligo are close relatives. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2017; 10: 341-5.
24.
Abdou AG, Farag AGA, Rashwan M, et al. The clinical and pathological effectiveness of microneedling and topical 5-fluorouracil in vitiligo treatment: an association with matrix metalloproteinase 2 immunohistochemical expression. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21: 2153-61.
25.
Ibrahim SS. The efficacy of tricholoroacetic acid 70% after microneedling in the treatment of non-segmental vitiligo. Zagazig Univ Med J 2022; 28: 966-73.
26.
Mukhtar M. Trichloroacetic acid cautery for repigmenting nonresponsive vitiligo on lips. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2023; 16: 154-5.
27.
Darji K, Fehlman J. Cosmetic Dermatology. Geriatric Dermatology Update, An Issue of Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. E-Book: Geriatric Dermatology Update, An Issue of Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, E-Book. 2023; 40: 197-210.
28.
Ezzedine K, Seneschal J, Da Silva A, et al. Vitiligo patient population and disease burden in France: VIOLIN study results from the CONSTANCES cohort. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2023; 37: 2249-58.
29.
Schallreuter KU, Elwary SM, Gibbons NC, et al. Activation/deactivation of acetylcholinesterase by H2O2: more evidence for oxidative stress in vitiligo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 315: 502-8.
30.
Khater M, Nasr M, Salah S, et al. Clinical evaluation of the efficacy of trichloroacetic acid 70% after microneedling vs intradermal injection of 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of nonsegmental vitiligo: a prospective comparative study. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33: e13532.
31.
Abdelwahab M, Salah M, Samy N, et al. Effect of topical 5-fluorouracil alone versus its combination with erbium:YAG (2940 nm) laser in treatment of vitiligo. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2020; 13: 77-85.
