eISSN: 2449-8580
ISSN: 1734-3402
Family Medicine & Primary Care Review
Current issue Archive Manuscripts accepted About the journal Editorial board Reviewers Abstracting and indexing Subscription Contact Instructions for authors Publication charge Ethical standards and procedures
Editorial System
Submit your Manuscript
SCImago Journal & Country Rank
1/2024
vol. 26
 
Share:
Share:
Original paper

Parents’ behaviour toward antibiotic self-medication in children and incidence of resistance: a cross-sectional study from Punjab, Pakistan

Furqan K. Hashmi
1
,
Muhammad Muneeb
1
,
Sanaullah Umair
1
,
Bisma Mushtaq
2
,
Hamid Saeed
1
,
Muhammad Islam
1
,
Faiz Abid
1
,
Yumna Abrar
,
Bisma Shahzadi
1
,
Ayaz Ali Khan
3
,
Qadeer Ahsan
4
,
Muhammad Fawad Rasool
5
,
Usman Rashid Malik
6
,
Saad Ahmed
7
,
Hassaan Anwer Rathore
8
,
Zikria Saleem
5

1.
University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Allama Iqbal Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
2.
Indus Hospital, Mission Colony, Raiwind City, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
3.
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakist
4.
Fleming Fund, Islamabad, Pakistan
5.
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
6.
School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
7.
Railway Islamic International Medical College Trust and Pakistan Railways Hospital, Riphah International University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
8.
College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Family Medicine & Primary Care Review 2024; 26(1): 39–50
Online publish date: 2024/03/15
Get citation
 
PlumX metrics:
 
1. World Health Organization. The Role of the pharmacist in self-care and self-medication: report of the 4th WHO Consultative Group on the Role of the Pharmacist, The Hague, The Netherlands, 26–28 August 1998. Hague: WHO; 1998.
2. Li R, Xiao F, Zheng X, et al. Antibiotic misuse among children with diarrhea in China: results from a national survey. Peer J 2016; 4: e2668.
3. Sontakke S, Magdum A, Jaiswal KM, et al. Evaluation of parental perception about self-medication and other medicine use practices in children. Eur J Pharm Med Res 2015; 2(7): 179.
4. Du Y, Knopf H. Self-medication among children and adolescents in Germany: results of the National Health Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS). Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 68(4): 599–608.
5. Kifle ZD, Mekuria AB, Anteneh DA, et al. Self-medication practice and associated factors among private health sciences students in Gondar Town, North West Ethiopia. A Cross-Sectional Study. Inquiry 2021; 58: 00469580211005188.
6. Saleem Z, Azmi HM. Hashmiet F, et al. Assessment of physicians’ perception about antibiotic use and resistance and factors influencing antibiotic prescribing: a situational analysis from Pakistan. Fam Med Prim Care Rev 2019; 21(2): 149–157.
7. Rathod P, Sharma S, Ukey U, et al. Prevalence, Pattern, and Reasons for Self-Medication: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study From Central India. Cureus 2023; 15(1): e33917, doi: 10.7759/cureus.33917.
8. Bert F, Previti C, Calabrese F, et al. Antibiotics self medication among children: A systematic review. Antibiotics 2022; 11(11): 1583.
9. Gohar UF, Khubaib S, Mehmood A. Self-medication trends in children by their parents. J Develop Drugs 2017; 6(2): 1–7.
10. De Silva BP, Hussain FH, Ginigeet G, et al. Self-medication practices and misuse of medicine among mothers of young children attending a teaching hospital in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health 2017; 46(2): 122–127.
11. Raz R, Edelstein H, Grigoryan L, et al. Self-medication with antibiotics by a population in northern Israel. Isr Med Assoc J 2005; 7(11): 722–725.
12. Nightingale R, Colbourn T, Mukanga D, et al. Non-adherence to community oral-antibiotic treatment in children with fast-breathing pneumonia in Malawi – secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study. BMC Pediatrics 2016; 8(1): 1–8.
13. Garofalo L, Di Giuseppe G, Angelillo IF, et al. Self-medication practices among parents in Italy. BioMed research international 2015, doi: 10.1155/2015/580650.
14. Sunny TP, Jacob R, Krishnakumar K, et al. Self-medication: is a serious challenge to control antibiotic resistance? Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2019; 9(9): 821–827.
15. Rodrigues CF. Self-medication with antibiotics in Maputo, Mozambique: practices, rationales and relationships. Palgrave Commun 2020; 6, doi: 10.1057/s41599-019-0385-816.
16. Awad A, Thalib L, Matowe L. Self-medication with antibiotics and antimalarials in the community of Khartoum State, Sudan. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2005; 8(2): 326–331.
17. Zdziarski P, Simon K, Majda J. Overuse of high stability antibiotics and its consequences in public and environmental health. Acta Microbiol Pol 2003; 52(1): 5–13.
18. Abasaeed A, Vlcek J, Abuelkhair M, et al. Self-medication with antibiotics by the community of Abu Dhabi Emirate, United Arab Emirates. J Infect Dev Ctries 2009; 3(7): 491–497.
19. Saleem Z. Antimicrobial use and stewardship in pediatrics. Front Pediatr 2023; 11: 1191650, doi: 10.3389/fped.2023.1191650.
20. Xu Y, Lu J, Sun C, et al. A cross-sectional study of antibiotic misuse among Chinese children in developed and less developed provinces. J Infect Dev Ctries 2020; 14(2): 129–137.
21. World Health Organization. Global antimicrobial resistance surveillance system (GLASS) report: early implementation 2016–2017. Geneva: WHO; 2017.
22. Jasim A. Parental self medication of antibiotics for children in Baghdad city. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014; 6(10): 485–489.
23. Saleem Z, Godman B, Azhar F, et al., Progress on the national action plan of Pakistan on antimicrobial resistance (AMR): A narrative review and the implica-tions. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy 2022; 20(1): 71–93, doi: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1935238.
24. Khalil MA, Arshad MS, Majeed A, et al. The Parental Perceptions and Practices Regarding Self-medication among Their Children in Southern Punjab, Paki-stan. Child Care in Practice 2023; 1–12, doi: 10.1080/13575279.2023.2215171.
25. Haider S, Thaver IH. Self-medication or self-care: implication for primary health care strategies. J Pak Med Assoc 1995; 45: 297–298.
26. Panagakou SG, Spyridis N, Vassiliki P, et al. Antibiotic use for upper respiratory tract infections in children: a cross-sectional survey of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of parents in Greece. BMC Pediatr 2011; 11(1): 1–10.
27. Togoobaatar G, Ikeda N, Ali M, et al. Survey of non-prescribed use of antibiotics for children in an urban community in Mongolia. Bull WHO 2010; 88: 930–936.
28. Sun C, Hu YJ, Wang X, et al. Influence of leftover antibiotics on self-medication with antibiotics for children: a cross-sectional study from three Chinese prov-inces. BMJ Open 2019; 9(12): e033679.
29. Pons EDS, Pizzol TDSD, Knauth DR, et al. Self-medication in children aged 0–12 years in Brazil: a population-based study. Revista Paulista de Pediatria 2023; 42: e2022137.
30. Italia S, Brand H, Heinrich J, et al. Utilization of self-medication and prescription drugs among 15-year-old children from the German GINIplus birth cohort. PDS 2015; 24(11): 1133–1143.
31. Hossain MS, Islam MF, Arka PB, et al. Antibiotic prescription from qualified sources for children with fever/cough: Cross-sectional study from 59 low-and middle-income countries. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 61: 102055, doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102055.
32. Escourrou B, Bouville B, Bismuth M, et al. [Child self-medication by parents: a real risk]. Rev Prat 2010; 60(6 Suppl): 27–34 (in French).
33. Katumbo AM, Tshiningi TS, Sinandukuet JS. et al. The pratice of self-medication in children by their mothers in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo. J Adv Pediatr Child Health 2020; 3: 27–31.
34. Li R, Xiao F, Zheng X, et al. Antibiotic misuse among children with diarrhea in China: results from a national survey. Peer J 2016; 4: e2668.
35. Elong Ekambi G-A, Ebongue CO, Penda IC, et al. Knowledge, practices and attitudes on antibiotics use in Cameroon: Self-medication and prescription survey among children, adolescents and adults in private pharmacies. PLoS ONE 2019; 14(2): e0212875.
36. Giamarellou H, Galani L, Karavasilis T, et al. Antimicrobial stewardship in the hospital setting: a narrative review. Antibiotics 2023; 12(10): 1557, doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12101557.
37. Al Rasheed A, Yagoub U, Alkhashan H, et al. Prevalence and predictors of self-medication with antibiotics in Al Wazarat Health Center, Riyadh City, KSA. Biomed Res Int 2016; 2016: 3916874.
38. Saradamma RD, Higginbotham N, Nichter M. Social factors influencing the acquisition of antibiotics without prescription in Kerala State, south India. Soc Sci Med 2000; 50(6): 891–903.
39. Nusair MB, Al-Azzam S, Alhamad H, et al. The prevalence and patterns of self-medication with antibiotics in Jordan: a community-based study. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75(1): e13665.
40. Ateshim Y, Bereket B, Majoret F, et al. Prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics and associated factors in the community of Asmara, Eritrea: a descriptive cross sectional survey. BMC Public Health 2019; 19(1): 1–7.
41. Al-Azzam SI, Al-Husein BA, Alzoubi F, et al. Self-medication with antibiotics in Jordanian population. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2007; 20(4): 373–380.
42. Alfalogy EH, Nafadi HB, Al Rehaili SH, et al. Prevalence and predictors of self-medication with antibiotics for children in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Eur J Prev Med 2017; 5(5): 60–64.
43. Paulsamy P, Venkatesan K, Alshahrani SH, et al. Parental health-seeking behavior on self-medication, antibiotic use, and antimicrobial resistance in chil-dren. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31(9): 101712, doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101712.
44. Giamarellou H, Galani L, Karavasilis T, et al. Antimicrobial stewardship in the hospital setting: a narrative review. Antibiotics 2023; 12(10): 1557, doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12101557.
45. Ivanovska V, Zdravkovska M, Bosevska G, et al. Antibiotics for upper respiratory infections: Public knowledge, beliefs and self-medication in the Republic of Macedonia. Pril (Makedon Akad Nauk Umet Odd Med Nauki) 2013; 34(2): 59–70.
46. Rather IA, Kim B-C, Bajpai VK, et al. Self-medication and antibiotic resistance: Crisis, current challenges, and prevention. Saudi J Biol Sci 2017; 24(4): 808–812.
47. Ventola CL. The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. PT 2015; 40(4): 277–283.
48. Torres NF, Chibi B, Kuupiel D, et al. The use of non-prescribed antibiotics; prevalence estimates in low-and-middle-income countries. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Public Health 2021; 79(1): 1–15.
49. Russell CD, Fairfield CJ, Drake TM, et al. Co-infections, secondary infections, and antimicrobial use in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 during the first pandemic wave from the ISARIC WHO CCP-UK study: a multicentre, prospective cohort study. Lancet Microbe 2021; 2(8): e354–e365.
50. Saleem Z, Hassali MA, Hashmi FK, et al. Pakistan’s national action plan for antimicrobial resistance: translating ideas into reality. Lancet Infect Dis 2018; 18(10): 1066–1067.
51. Blaser MJ, Melby MK, Lock M, et al. Accounting for variation in and overuse of antibiotics among humans. BioEssays 2021; 43(2): 2000163.
52. Fang Y. China should curb non-prescription use of antibiotics in the community. BMJ 2014; 348: g4233.
53. Hughes CM, McElnay JC, Fleming FG. Benefits and risks of self medication. Drug Safety 2001; 24: 1027–1037.
54. Raz R, Edelstein H, Grigoryan L, et al. Self-medication with antibiotics by a population in northern Israel. Isr Med Assoc J 2005; 7(11): 722–725.
Copyright: © 2024 Family Medicine & Primary Care Review. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license.
 
Quick links
© 2024 Termedia Sp. z o.o.
Developed by Bentus.