1. Abbott R, Shiminski-Maher T, Wisoff JH, Epstein FJ. Intrinsic tumors of the medulla: Surgical complications. Pediatr Neurosurg 1991; 17: 239-244.
2.
Abd-Elghany AA, Naji AA, Alonazi B, Aldosary H, Alsufayan MA, Alnasser M, Mohammad E, Mahmoud MZ. Radiological characteristics of glioblastoma multiforme using CT and MRI examination. J Radiat Res Appl Sci 2019; 12: 289-293.
3.
Cistaro A, Albano D, Alongi P, Laudicella R, Pizzuto DA, Formica G, Romagnolo C, Stracuzzi F, Frantellizzi V, Piccardo A, Quartuccio N. The role of PET in supratentorial and infratentorial pediatric brain tumors. Curr Oncol 2021; 28: 2481-2495.
4.
Chotai SP, Moon HJ, Kim JH, Kim JH, Kwon TH. Primary glioblastoma multiforme of medulla oblongata: Case report and review of literature. Asian J Neurosurg 2012; 7: 36-38.
5.
Das KK, Bettaswamy GP, Mehrotra A, Jaiswal S, Jaiswal AK, Behari S. Dorsally exophytic gliobastoma arising from the medulla oblongata in an adult presenting as 4th ventricular mass. Asian J Neurosurg 2017; 12: 224-227.
6.
Dubois LG, Campanati L, Righy C, D’Andrea-Meira I, Spohr TC, Porto-Carreiro I, Pereira CM, Balça-Silva J, Kahn SA, DosSantos MF, Oliveira Mde A, Ximenes-da-Silva A, Lopes MC, Faveret E, Gasparetto EL, Moura-Neto V. Gliomas and the vascular fragility of the blood brain barrier. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8: 418.
7.
Eisele SC, Reardon DA. Adult brainstem gliomas. Cancer 2016; 122: 2799-2809.
8.
Furtak J, Śledzińska P, Bebyn MG, Szylberg T, Krajewski S, Birski M, Harat M. Infratentorial stereotactic biopsy of brainstem and cerebellar lesions. Brain Sci 2021; 11: 1432.
9.
Grigsby PW, Garcia DM, Simpson JR, Fineberg BB, Schwartz HG. Prognostic factors and results of therapy for adult thalamic and brainstem tumors. Cancer 1989; 63: 2124-2129.
10.
Guillamo JS, Monjour A, Taillandier L, Devaux B, Varlet P, Haie-Meder C, Defer GL, Maison P, Mazeron JJ, Cornu P, Delattre JY; Association des Neuro-Oncologues d’Expression Française (ANOCEF). Brainstem gliomas in adults: prognostic factors and classification. Brain 2001; 124: 2528-2539.
11.
Hill K, Giantini-Larsen A, Hickman RA, Holle B, Alano T, Doe-Tetteh S, Bouvier N, Li S, Stockfisch E, Huereca C, DiNapoli S, Hertz CA, Lee A, Szalontay L, Li BK, Riviere-Cazaux C, Burns TC, Haque S, Bale T, Benhamida J, Dogan S, Vanderbilt C, Borsu L, Ross D, Chang J, Zampieri CB, Donzelli M, Dunkel IJ, Kramer K, Sait SF, Khakoo Y, Gilheeney S, Souweidane M, Greenfield J, Berger M, Arcila M, Ladanyi M, Mellinghoff I, Karajannis M, Miller A. METB-05. Non-invasive diagnosis of brainstem gliomas in pediatric, adolescent and young adult patients through cerebrospinal fluid cell-free DNA sequencing. Neuro Oncol 2023; 25 (Suppl 1): i31.
12.
Horita Y, Wanibuchi M, Akiyama Y, Suzuki K, Omori Y, Iihoshi S, Ochi S, Mikami T, Mikuni N. Exophytic glioblastoma multiforme originating from the medulla oblongata. Biomed Res Clin Prac 2016; 1: 58-61.
13.
Izzuddeen Y, Gupta S, Haresh KP, Sharma D, Giridhar P, Rath GK. Hypofractionated radiotherapy with temozolomide in diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas: a randomized controlled trial. J Neurooncol 2020; 146: 91-95.
14.
Jain R, Griffith B, Alotaibi F, Zagzag D, Fine H, Golfinos J, Schultz L. Glioma angiogenesis and perfusion imaging: understanding the relationship between tumor blood volume and leakiness with increasing glioma grade. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015; 36: 2030-2035.
15.
Janssens GO, Jansen MH, Lauwers SJ, Nowak PJ, Oldenburger FR, Bouffet E, Saran F, Kamphuis-van Ulzen K, van Lindert EJ, Schieving JH, Boterberg T, Kaspers GJ, Span PN, Kaanders JH, Gidding CE, Hargrave D. Hypofractionation vs conventional radiation therapy for newly diagnosed diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma: a matched-cohort analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013; 85: 315-320.
16.
Kesari S, Kim RS, Markos V, Drappatz J, Wen PY, Pruitt AA. Prognostic factors in adult brainstem gliomas: a multicenter, retrospective analysis of 101 cases. J Neurooncol 2008; 88: 175-183.
17.
Kickingereder P, Willeit P, Simon T, Ruge MI. Diagnostic value and safety of stereotactic biopsy for brainstem tumors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 1480 cases. Neurosurgery 2013; 72: 873-881.
18.
Kyoshima K, Sakai K, Goto T, Tanabe A, Sato A, Nagashima H, Nakayama J. Gross total surgical removal of malignant glioma from themedulla oblongata: Report of two adult cases with reference to surgical anatomy. J Clin Neurosci 2004; 11: 75-80.
19.
Laigle-Donadey F’ Doz F, Delattre JY. Brainstem gliomas in children and adults. Curr Opin Oncol 2008; 20: 662-667.
20.
Landolfi JC, Thaler HT, DeAngelis LM. Adult brainstem gliomas. Neurology 1998; 51: 1136-1139.
21.
Lee JY, Cunningham DA, Murphy ES, Chao ST, Suh JH. Optimal management of brainstem metastases: a narrative review. Chin Clin Oncol 2022; 11: 15.
22.
Leibetseder A, Leitner J, Mair MJ, Meckel S, Hainfellner JA, Aichholzer M, Widhalm G, Dieckmann K, Weis S, Furtner J, von Oertzen T, Preusser M, Pichler J, Berghoff AS. Prognostic factors in adult brainstem glioma: a tertiary care center analysis and review of the literature. J Neurol 2022; 269: 1574-1590.
23.
Luetjens G, Mirzayan MJ, Brandis A, Krauss JK. Exophytic giant cell glioblastoma of the medulla oblongata. J Neurosurg 2009; 110: 589-593.
24.
Louis DN, Perry A, Reifenberger G, von Deimling A, Figarella-Branger D, Cavenee WK, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Kleihues P, Ellison DW. The 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 131: 803-820.
25.
Melhem JM, Detsky J, Lim-Fat MJ, Perry JR. Updates in IDH-wildtype glioblastoma. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19: 1705-1723.
26.
Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Fulop J, Liu M, Blanda R, Kromer C, Wolinsky Y, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS. CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2008-2012. Neuro Oncol 2015; 17 (Suppl 4): iv1-iv62.
27.
Ostrowski RP, He Z, Pucko EB, Matyja E. Hemorrhage in brain tumor – an unresolved issue. Brain Hemorrhages 2022; 3: 98-102.
28.
Pan CC, Liu J, Tang J, Chen X, Chen F, Wu YL, Geng YB, Xu C, Zhang X, Wu Z, Gao PY, Zhang JT, Yan H, Liao H, Zhang LW. A machine learning-based prediction model of H3K27M mutations in brainstem gliomas using conventional MRI and clinical features. Radiother Oncol 2019; 130: 172-179.
29.
Queiroz Lde S, da Cruz Neto JN, Lopes de Faria J. Glioblastoma multiforme of the medulla oblangata. Acta Neuropathol 1974; 29: 355-360.
30.
Rachinger W, Grau S, Holtmannspötter M, Herms J, Tonn JC, Kreth FW. Serial stereotactic biopsy of brainstem lesions inadults improves diagnostic accuracy compared with MRI only. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009; 80: 1134-1139.
31.
Reithmeier T, Kuzeawu A, Hentschel B, Loeffler M, Trippel M, Nikkhah G. Retrospective analysis of 104 histologically proven adult brainstem gliomas: clinical symptoms, therapeutic approaches and prognostic factors. BMC Cancer 2014; 14: 115.
32.
Reyes-Botero G, Mokhtari K, Martin-Duverneuil N, Delattre JY, Laigle-Donadey F. Adult brainstem gliomas. Oncologist 2012; 17: 388-397.
33.
Sayyahmelli S, Ruan J, Wheeler B, Başkaya MK. Microsurgical resection of a glioblastoma multiforme of the medulla oblongata with intraoperative subcortical stimulation and mapping. Neurosurg Focus Video 2019; 1: V1.
34.
Spurgeon A, Le V, Konakondla S, Miller DC, Hopkins T, Litofsky NS. High-grade glioma of the ventrolateral medulla in an adult: Case presentation and discussion of surgical considerations. Case Rep Neurol Med 2016; 2016: 6813089.
35.
Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, Weller M, Fisher B, Taphoorn MJB, Belanger K, Brandes AA, Marosi C, Bogdahn U, Curschmann J, Janzer RC, Ludwin SK, Gorlia T, Allgeier A, Lacombe D, Cairncross JG, Eisenhauer E, Mirimanoff RO; European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Brain Tumor and Radiotherapy Groups; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 987-996.
36.
Theeler BJ, Ellezam B, Melguizo-Gavilanes I, de Groot JF, Mahajan A, Aldape KD, Bruner JM, Puduvalli VK. Adult brainstem gliomas: Correlation of clinical and molecular features. J Neurol Sci 2015; 353: 92-97.
37.
Tran D, Nguyen DH, Nguyen HK, Nguyen-Thanh VA, Dong-Van H, Nguyen MD. Diagnostic performance of MRI perfusion and spectroscopy for brainstem glioma grading. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2022; 26: 7938-7948.
38.
Viani GA, Gouveia AG, Arcidiacono F, Marta GN, Hamamura AC, Anselmo P, Barbosa FS, Moraes FY. Efficacy and safety of hypofractionated radiotherapy versus conventional fractionated radiotherapy in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2024; 29: 309-317.
39.
WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. Central nervous system tumours. Lyon (France): International Agency for Research on Cancer 2021 (WHO Classification of tumours series, 5th ed.: vol6).
40.
Wu J, Armstrong TS, Gilbert MR. Biology and management of ependymomas. Neuro Oncol 2016; 18: 902-913.
41.
Wummer B, Woodworth D, Flores C. Brain stem gliomas and current landscape. J Neurooncol 2021; 151: 21-28.
42.
Yoshikawa A, Nakada M, Watanabe T, Hayashi Y, Sabit H, Kato Y, Suzuki S, Ooi A, Sato H, Hamada J. Progressive adult primary glioblastoma in the medulla oblongata with an unmethylated MGMT promoter and without an IDH mutation. Brain Tumor Pathol 2013; 30: 175-179.
43.
Yoshimura J, Onda K, Tanaka R, Takahashi H. Clinicopathological study of diffuse type brainstem gliomas: analysis of 40 autopsy cases. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2003; 43: 375-382.
44.
Zaghloul MS, Nasr A, Tolba M, Refaat A, Youssef A, Mosaab A, Enayet A, Arafa O, Maher E, Eldebawy E. Hypofractionated radiation therapy for diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma: A noninferiority randomized study including 253 children. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022; 113: 360-368.
